Westernization

About: Westernization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1154 publications have been published within this topic receiving 15791 citations. The topic is also known as: occidentalization.

A dialectic between nationalism and multiculturalism : An analysis of the internationalization discourse in Japan 1

Abstract: This chapter examines Japanese universities' and government's efforts to internationalize higher education, the planning and implementation of 'super global universities' in Japan. It analyzes several proposals submitted to, and later awarded grants by, the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) in September 2014. The chapter focuses on the several successful applications in the 'Leading Global Universities' category, and examines the ways in which internationalization is discussed. It identifies and critique themes related to internationalization, following Wander's ideological criticism. Wander suggests that rhetorical critics recognize and address their own subjectivity as well as 'the influence of established interests'. The chapter suggests a dialectic between nationalism and multiculturalism to extend the framework of the dialectical approach to intercultural communication. It provides implications for whiteness studies in non-Western countries to explore potential internationalization bias towards Westernization.

The Driving Forces of Higher Education: Westernization, Confucianism, Economization, and Globalization

Abstract: Although Western epistemology has dominated the landscape of higher education through early establishment and subsequent expansion, via colonization, the Confucian model of education is also a driving force of higher education throughout Asia. Four driving forces of higher education (Western, Confucian, Economic, and Globalization) will be discussed in greater detail in the following chapters in this part, and this chapter provides an overview of each force. These dominant forces shape the degree to which a higher education is attainable and the degree to which it is considered useful for society.

“Westernization” Vs. “Sinicization”: An Ineffaceable Paradox Within China’s Modernization Process

Abstract: China's modernization can be divided into three phases: the modernization led by the Qing government from the mid 19th century until 1911; the modernization led by KMT from 1912 to 1948; and the modernization led by the CCP after 1949 and especially after the 1980s Reform and Opening. "Westernization" and "Sinicization" constitute an ineffaceable paradox within China's modernization process. This chapter examines the modernization of the Qing government. The conflict between Westernization and Sinicization more fully manifested during the Republican Era. The differentiation of Westernization from modernization and the definition of modernization as industrialization were crucial to Sinicization proponents. The chapter also examines the various manifestations of "Westernization" and "Americanization". Finally, the chapter looks at one example: in the 1920s and 30s, one popular view was that the ancient Chinese characters conflicted with the modern civilization and thus were one of the largest impediments to China's modernization. Keywords: Americanization; China's modernization process; Chinese characters; industrialization; modern civilization; Qing government; Sinicization; Westernization

A Study on the Application of Elements of Ethnic Dress in Modern Fashion Design/ETUDES SUR L'APPLICATION DES ELEMENTS DE COSTUMES ETHNIQUES DANS LA MODE

Abstract: The paper mainly analyzes the importance of ethnic dress from the perspective of the application of ethnic costume's form and various features in modern fashion design to fully acknowledge that national costumes are the inexhaustible source of inspiration for designing creation. Only by understanding, inheriting and enhancing the essence of ethnic costume, we can transfer it into the culture of modern fashion design, and gain enlightenment to integrate the culture of traditional ethnic dress with that of modern fashion. Key words: National dress style; Fashion; Creation; Design patterns; Color relations; Structural characteristics; Local modeling Resume: Cet article a analyse principalement l'importance des costumes ethniques a travers la perspective de l'application de la form et de diverses caracteristiques de costumes ethniques dans la mode et a reconnu que les costumes nationales etaient la source inepuisable de l'inspiration pour la conception de la creation. Ce n'est que par la comprehension, l'heritage et l'amelioration de l'essence des costumes nationales que nous pouvons l'integrer dans la culture de la mode et combiner la culture des costumes ethniques avec celle de la mode. Mots-Cles: Style de costumes nationales; Creation; Design pattern; Relations des couleurs; Caracteristiques structurales; Modelisation locale With the advance of the digital age and the fast speed of communication, human is moving towards a brand new time in which the gap between cultural differences is narrowing down. People's values are more in line with each other and fashion, like a cold, quickly spreads throughout the whole world. However, there is also the opposite power in this trend. That is to say, it is due to the integration that people can recognize the cultural differences more clearly, and at the same time respect and cherish the differences. This is the consensus of mankind in a new era, and also a new starting point for re-studying the local culture. From a global perspective, the performance on ethnic style of clothing has always been prevalent since 1970s. People have explored new design methods and put them into practice. They create new design style, enlightened from the historical, ethnic and natural inspiration. This has fully demonstrated people's desire to return to nature, the spirit of getting back to basics and the necessary respect for history and attention to the awakening of consciousness of cultural heritage. Especially since the 1990's, with the increasing awareness of environmental and cultural ecological protection, the subject on ethnic style has been repeatedly performed by many designers, such as the Oriental Subject (China, India, Japan, Arab, etc.); the European subject (traditional folk costumes of the Nordic and the Eastern European); South America topic (Indiana, Mexico, etc.); Africa subject and so on. Ethnic style of dress is also beginning to be widely accepted, and occupy the market. It is well known that the development of China is not synchronized as that of the world before 1980s because of the historical reasons. Since the 1980's, as people started to pursue "the Westernization", suit became fashionable for a long time. People felt excited and also puzzled in such a dazzling costume world, and had to follow. Everything of ethnic has become recognized as conservative and outdated. So until the 1990's, people began to reflect deeply and study the real reason for the success of fashion as well as the failure. During this period, there is also discussion about nationalization, but most are staying at the theoretical stage. It lasts only few years that national style became truly fashionable and widely accepted by numbers of consumers. Especially in the years of 1999 and 2000, ethnic style became the mainstream of fashion. Clear imprint of ethnic style, such as embroidery designs, delicate lace, and bright color is marked on almost any type of clothing, such as fashion, casual wear, denim clothing and many with accessories, such as bags, shoes, scarves and hats, etc. …

Atatürk and the future of Turkey

Abstract: Turkey ended the 1990s in a tumult of economic difficulties and political successes. As Turkey forges ahead into the new millennium, striving for domestic stability and a strong foreign presence, the legacy of the Republic's founder — Ataturk — is ever‐present, and includes Westernization, internationalism, democracy, and secularism as the basic principles that will guide the Republic's progress.