Westernization

About: Westernization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1154 publications have been published within this topic receiving 15791 citations. The topic is also known as: occidentalization.

Hamka : intellectual and social transformation of the Malay world

Abstract: HAMKA WAS A GREAT SON OF THE MALAY WORLD whose works have left a huge impact not only in his homeland Indonesia but also throughout the other parts of the 2vlalay world-Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Pattani and Champa. He was one of the greatest dins in the :,vlalay world. He is well knovm for Malay and Islamic literature, creative writing, culture, politics and philosophy. He lived in the era of colonialism and the struggle to be freed from its clutches. Thus, it was a period of resistance to the colonial master by the indigenous through several movements to strive for independence. At the same time this was a period of westernisation. The Malays were having a crisis of empowering their race, revitalising their identity and rebuilding their civilization.· It was in this context that Hamka, a Nlalay scholar, devoted his attention to these issues. He attempted to define the problems in relationship to Islam and the Malays. He left a large collection of works covering philosophy, mysticism, Islam, tafsir and literary novels

The economic woman in Africa.

Abstract: A common theme in traditional African cultures is that God made women the custodians of fire water and earth (the elements). Modern African cultures are still based on this belief. African women are responsible for firewood collection water fetching and food production. However there are 2 distinct types of African women that are beginning to evolve as the influences of Western culture begin to set in. Westernized African women are those women who have completed at least 2 years of post secondary school training in a Western educational setting. When these women return to their native cultures rather than taking positions of power and influence like their male colleagues they end up working as clerks telephone operators and teachers. These Westernized African women rarely return to rural areas to take on the role of custodian of the elements. In cases where modernization does reach the rural areas women are commonly excluded. Tractors are driven by men dams and water systems are designed and built by men trees are cut down by men trees are cut down by men and men make the furniture. Technology is having a marginalization effect upon the women of Africa similar to the Westernization of African women. This is not to say that Western education is something to be avoided; however policies must be put in place to tap this great resource instead of holding it back. Rural women need to gain access to the technology that will help ease their burdens and they must be allowed into planning and decision making process since after all they are the custodians of the elements.

The Study of Face Concealing Culture of Istanbul Women

Abstract: This study will covered socio-cultural background and characteristic of the face-concealing culture of Istanbul which has liberal and westernized clothes culture for women even if it`s an city in an Islamic country. This study depended on literatures related to religion, culture and costumes of the Ottoman Empire, especially costumic data on miniature of turkey, which was famous from 16th to 19th century. Since the 17th century, the Ottoman Empire has been gradually influenced by European countries but the change of women`s clothes was not considerable. In the 18th century, women`s clothes were influenced by foreign fashions. A veil to cover the face was gradually disappeared and traditional Turkish headdresses were replaced by European hats. Through face-concealing culture of Istanbul, we can see some socio-cultural features like Islamic religious character, one`s social position, economic situation, westernization and renovation, beauty and completion of costume, duality for the reason of regional difference.

The socio-economic patterns of iraqi jewry in the twentieth century

Abstract: The majority of the Jews of Iraq in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries lived in three major cities: Basra, Baghdad and Mosul. In the first half of the nineteenth century a process of modernization began in the Jewish community, paralleling the policy of Westernization and modern ization in the Ottoman Empire, as reflected in the Tanzimet. The Jewish community was declared a millet, a religious community enjoying internal autonomy in religion and education. Like other minorities within the empire, the Jewish community was granted equal rights and security of life and property. The recognition of the Jewish community as a millet affected its reorganization. The hakham bashi, elected by the 80-member General Council, served as the head of the community, though actually, absolute control was in the hands of a narrow class of merchants, bankers, and rich landowners. Economically, the Jews engaged in foreign and domestic trade and in banking, two areas which they came to dominate. The mid-nineteenth century marked the beginning of development, progress, and prosperity within the Jewish community, which was reflected both in growing economic affluence and the modernization of education. The introduction of modern education, in which the Jews preceded the Muslim society around them, inaugurated a new era of far-reaching change in the community life. The Jews of Iraq were not characterized by any significant rifts, splits, or polarization. They succeeded in maintaining their religious framework and their collective and communal uniqueness.