Westernization

About: Westernization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1154 publications have been published within this topic receiving 15791 citations. The topic is also known as: occidentalization.

Liberalisasi Pemikiran Islam: Gerakan Bersama Missionaris, Orientalis dan Kolonialis

Abstract: Factually, liberalism in social sciences and politics in Western Civilization has marginalized religion or separated religion from social lives and politics step by step. When liberalism became parts of religious thought of Christianity, Catholic and Protestant, it had subordinated the church under the political interest and humanism, and reduced its theological role in almost all aspects of social lives. Therefore, in liberalism of religious thought, the main problem to be argued is the concept of God (Theology) then doctrine and religious dogma. After that, liberalism argued and separated the relationship between religion and politics (Secularism). Finally, liberalism of religious thought became secularism, and influenced by the wave of postmodernism thought which enhances pluralism, equality and relativism. In its expansive movement, through globalization, modernization, and westernization, the West subsequently becomes the challenge of all nations and other civilization include Islam. Specifically, Western Civilization could be seen from three cultural sources; missionaries, orientalism, and colonialism. These three movements essentially disseminate the principle or element of Western way of life.

Not America’s Game: The Globalization and Post-Westernization of Women’s Baseball:

Abstract: This article explores the globalization of women’s baseball from both historical and contemporary perspectives. The women’s game is largely absent from literature about the global diffusion of base...

Cultural omnivorousness in Turkey

Abstract: Recent cultural consumption research has drawn attention to the emergence of the high status ‘cultural omnivore,’ that is, individuals who consume a wide range of cultural products, including the expected ‘high culture,’ but more ‘popular’ forms as well. Initially reported in studies conducted in the developed West, this study broadens the basis of comparison by investigating the case of Turkey – a non-western, predominantly Muslim, developing country with a long history of state-led westernization. Using data from a nationally representative survey of adults, the study examines 34 cultural tastes in three domains – music, food, and literature – and participation in five different cultural activities for evidence of an omnivorous pattern. The items used include indicators of ‘high’ and ‘popular’ culture, as well as ‘local’ and ‘global/western’ culture. The results of a latent class analysis clearly identify an omnivorous group. A distinctive feature of the Turkish cultural field is that groups are largely...

Transfer of Institutions: Actors and Constraints - The Russian Case in a Global Context

Abstract: Modernity is usually thought as a complex society with clearly differentiated spheres of everyday life. It means, in particular, that economic rules do not interfere with the norms structuring political, social, scientific and other interactions. The complex, differentiated society sharply contrasts with a ?small? and homogeneous ?pre-modern? society. The process of modernization, i.e. differentiation of the spheres of everyday life, can take various forms. In an advanced country it relies on internal forces. Modernization in this context looks like an evolutionary, ?bottom-up? development. In a backward country (Russia and Germany in the first half of the 20th century), modernization requires a strong governmental (from the top to the bottom) intervention. Invidious comparison with more advanced and successful countries makes the state officials in backward countries accept the way of reforms. Due to the lack of the internal forces leading to an evolutionary rise of modernity, the state officials refer to the Western experience and know-how. Consequently, a ?catch-up? modernization naturally transforms into ?Westernization?, the transfer of Western institutions to backward countries. As the title suggests, the paper deals with the institutional problems of such a transfer of institutions, and with the constraints, imposed on the key actors of this process, the political elite. It will be argued, that a decisive problem of political and economic modernization in Russia is that bureaucrats face soft external and internal constraints. An absolute imperative consists in institutional congruence, or the ?elective affinity?, between the models of power relationships on which imported and traditional institutions are based. Only a passive role in carrying out reforms is reserved for non-governmental actors, which transforms their mental models into a hard constraint of reforms and prevent them from putting limits on the rulers? discretion. Consequently, there is a high risk of the transformation of modernization policies into a mechanism of the reproduction of imposed power.

Sexual values and early experiences among young people in Jakarta

Abstract: Among middle-class young people in Jakarta and elsewhere in Asia, westernization and globalization have led to the development of a youth culture. Young people belonging to particular groups have become increasingly westernized in their attitudes toward types of fashion, music, film, food and sexuality; they dress, listen to music, watch movies or videos and eat the type of food that they believe teenagers enjoy in western countries; they communicate using a youth dialect which others have difficulty in understanding, and appear much more liberal toward premarital sex than past generations. Media coverage of students who provide sexual services is common, not just in urban but also in rural settings. Indramayu, for example, is an area in West Java widely alleged to supply prostitutes; parents are said to send away their teenage daughters purposely to work in the sex industry and so remit money to the villages.