Topic
Westernization
About: Westernization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1154 publications have been published within this topic receiving 15791 citations. The topic is also known as: occidentalization.
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TL;DR: Findings suggest that the relationship between modernization and psychological well-being are contextual, and a higher western orientation was associated with lower depression scores.
Abstract: Background: The westernization of developing countries has improved physical health and life expectancy. Modernization, however, is believed to have injurious effects on mental health. Some research suggests that the effects of modernization vary, hurting some but benefiting others. Economic disparity is usually presumed to cause the mental health problems. The purpose of this study was to determine if aspects of westernization other than economic status predicted depression scores in a sample of adults occupying similar economic stations in Nepal.Methods: Survey data were collected from 276 teachers in Nepal. The questionnaire was administered in Nepali. Statistical tests sought to determine the relationship between scores on a measure of depression and having a western cultural orientation.Results: Bivariate and multi-variate analyses indicate that a higher western orientation was associated with lower depression scores. Non-traditional attitudes towards the Nepalese caste system and gender political eq...
12 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: A survey of different perspectives on Japan's foreign policy in the 1990s can be found in this article, where the authors evaluate the compatibility of different viewpoints with regard to the Civilian Power concept and the dichotomy of self/other in identity formation.
Abstract: Introduction Acknowledgements Chapter 1. Theoretical Introduction 1.1 Identity Debate 1.2 Civilian power concept 1.3 Japan in the context of Asian history 1.4 A Few Remarks about Methodology Chapter 2. Japan's Indentity Dilemma 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The dichotomy of self / other in identity formation 2.3 Datsuaron, Integrationism and other Asianist Movements Chapter 3. Historical Survey of the Evolution of Japan's Role in the World 3.1 The End of the C3.1 Introduction: Japan Between China and the West 3.2 The Meiji Revolution and its aftermath 3.3 Counter-movement to the Westernization of the early Meiji decades 3.4 Japan in Transition: Rise from low-profile to international acceptance 3.5 Militarism and its disastrous consequences 3.6 Occupation and Reconstruction 3.7 Japan's first cautious steps as an independent state 3.8 Japan's rise as an economic power 3.9 Japan's first diplomatic steps in the 1970s 3.10 Balancing between Economics and Politics old War and its Implications for Japan's Diplomacy 3.12 Japan's Role in Multilateral Organizations 3.12.1 Japan in the UN Framework 3.12.2 Japan in Other Multilateral Organizations Chapter 4. Survey of the Contemporary Japanese Political Debate on Foreign Policy 4.1 A Survey of Perspectives in the Japanese Political Discourse of the 1990s 4.1.1 Introductory Remarks 4.1.2 Different Perspectives on Japan's Foreign Policy 4.1.2.1 Advocates of Maintaining the Status Quo 4.1.2.2 Independentists 4.1.2.3 Pragmatic Multilateralists 4.1.2.4 Pacifists 4.2 Evaluation 4.2.1 Evaluating the compatibility of Different Perspectives with regard to the Civilian Power concept Chapter.5 Conclusion 5.1 General concluding remarks 5.2 Interpretation of results gained in the Survey of Different Perspectives on Japan's Foreign Policy in the 1990s 5.3 Future Scenarios for Japan's international role 5.4 Summary Selected Bibliography Abbreviations
12 citations
TL;DR: The importance of Chinese learning in the shaping of modern Japan, including Chinese learning (kangaku), had been thoroughly assimilated and had formed the basis of the dominant ideology in the Tokugawa period (1600-1868).
Abstract: Japan’s development since the middle of the nineteenth century is usually summarized under the headings ‘modernization’ and ‘westernization’. Such a perspective neglects the importance of indigenous traditions in the shaping of modern Japan, including Chinese learning (kangaku), which had been thoroughly assimilated and had formed the basis of the dominant ideology in the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). The leaders of the Meiji restoration of 1868 all had a kangaku education and their ideas were strongly influenced by it. Kangaku continued to play a dominant role in Japanese culture until well into the Meiji period and did not fall into decline until the mid-1890s. The main reason for this was not contempt for contemporary China in the wake of the Sino-Japanese war (1894-5), as has been argued, but the new national education system which stressed western knowledge. It was not a sign of waning interest in China, but of new forms this interest took. China became the object of new academic disciplines, including tōyōshi (East Asian history), which applied western methods and a new interpretative framework to the study of China.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the religious and intellectual dynamics behind the Ottoman military reform movement, known as the New Order, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and argue that the Janissary-led popular opposition, which was consolidated long before the new order, developed as a form of resistance by antinomian elements blocking the top-down disciplinary policies of the central state throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Abstract: This article examines the religious and intellectual dynamics behind the Ottoman military reform movement, known as the New Order, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Conventionally, the New Order has been examined within the framework of the Westernization of Ottoman military and administrative institutions. The Janissary-led popular opposition to the New Order, on the other hand, has been understood as a conservative resistance, fashioned by Muslim anti-Westernization. This article challenges this assumption, based on a binary between Westernization reforms versus Islamic conservatism. It argues that the Janissary-led popular opposition, which was consolidated long before the New Order, developed as a form of resistance by antinomian elements blocking the top-down disciplinary policies of the central state throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The New Order programme, which was unleashed in 1792, was also opposed by the Janissary-led coalition, on the basis that it would wipe out vested privileges and traditions. Supporting the New Order, we see a coalition and different intellectual trends, including: (i) the Euro-Ottoman military enlightenment, led by military engineers and scientists, which developed an agenda to reorganize and discipline the social-military order with universal principles of military engineering and (ii) Islamic puritan activism, which developed an agenda to rejuvenate the Muslim order by eliminating invented traditions, and to discipline Muslim souls with the universal principles of revelation and reason. While the Euro-Ottoman military enlightenment participated in military reform movements in Europe, Islamic activism was part of a trans-Islamic Naqshibandi-Mujaddidi network originating in India. We thus witness a discursive alliance between military enlightenment and Muslim activism, both of which had trans-Ottoman connections, against a Janissary-led popular movement, which mobilized resistance to protect local conventions and traditions.
12 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Gurel et al. as mentioned in this paper introduced the Limits of Westernization: A Cultural History of America in Turkey (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017), 1−15.
Abstract: Perin E. Gurel, introduction to The Limits of Westernization: A Cultural History of America in Turkey (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017), 1–15.
12 citations