Westernization

About: Westernization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1154 publications have been published within this topic receiving 15791 citations. The topic is also known as: occidentalization.

Southeast Asia in the twentieth century : a reader

Abstract: Introduction: the shape of pre-colonial mainland southeast Asia, the shape of pre-colonial maritime southeast Asia, the first stages of European colonial take-over general considerations of the scope and objectives of this book education, reform and national awareness, 1900-41 - the patterns of European rule, education, westernization, cultural challenge and change pre-nationalism and nationalism, readings. revolution and constitutional change, 1900-41 - the question of colonial strategies, the indigenous response to imperial rule - the framework of resistance, antinationalism, anti-colonialism and the battle of ideologies, readings the impact of the Japanese intervention in southeast asia, 1940-45 - the situation in southeast Asia in 1939-82, the Japanese intervention in southeast Asia, the Japanese conquest of southeast asia, the impact of the Japanese military take-over of southeast Asia, the course of the war, and its impact on political developments, readings the aftermath of war -revolution - the defeat of Japan and surrender arrangements, the build-up of revolutionary forces in southeast Asia, the era of revolution - 1945 , readings the independence settlements - I the immediate post war settlements - general features of the post-war period, the independence settlement in the Philippines, the independence settlement in Burma, readings the independence settlements - II inter-ethnic negotiations, conflict and the Cold War - the independence settlement in the Malayan region, the independence settlements in Indonesia, the independence settlements in Indochina, the Cold War and the Geneva settlements of 1954, readings the decade of instability, 1954-65 - the Cold War confrontation in mainland southeast Asia, the Laos crisis and regional subversion the Vietnam crisis, 1954-65, instability in the Indonesia region, 1950-65, readings the era of stabilization in southeast asia, 1965-74 - the paradox - the United States' failure in Vietnam, the genesis of the Cambodian tragedy, the rest of southeast Asia - the ending of the independence regimes - Cambodia, Burma and the Philippines, the special case of Thailand, Malaysia - the new political settlement after 1969, Indonesia in 1965 - guided democracy, the PKI, the armed forces and the "new order", readings 1975 - the crossroads and beyond p regime resilience and regional security, the communist victory in Indochina and its impact the communist implosion emerging intact, readings. Postscript: regional stability in southeast Asia.

Between Civilization and Culture: Appropriation of Traditional Dwelling Forms in Early Republican Turkey

Abstract: Modernity outside the West is generally conceptualized with the aid of such dualities as civilization versus culture, international versus national, and modern versus traditional. The first part of each pair is associated with progress, scientific rationality, and westernization; the other signifies historical continuity and local identity. A close analysis of the appropriation of traditional dwelling forms by the Turkish architects of the 1920s and early 1930s renders this perspective problematic and raises significant historiographical issues. First, these architects' use of the traditionalist discourse as a means to assert modernity rather than to counteract it underscores the explanatory power of dualist perspectives. Second, the absence of any critique of modernity, urbanism, and capitalism from the traditionalist position in Turkey renders the latter significantly different from seemingly similar western developments such as the Heimatschutz movement in Germany. Having elitist rather than populist o...

Recent Anthropological Studies of Middle Eastern Communities and Ethnic Groups

Abstract: Change in the contemporary Middle East is ubiquitous and often rapid and pervasive (87, 171, 212). In some countries, such as Israel (73, 159), Lebanon (109, 172), Egypt and some regions of the Maghreb, change started early and has been going on ever since; in others such as the Gulf States and Oman (121, 181), it has only just begun. But as some studies of remote areas indicate, the winds of change have by now penetrated even the more outlying, isolated communities (e.g. 146, 147; see also 34, 79). The process blurs the traditional boundaries between the component pieces of the Middle Eastern "mosaic of people" (50, p. 2); but the mosaic does not disappear; new and larger pieces are formed and imposed upon the older ones as new boundaries are forged and older ones reassert themselves in new disguises (114, p. 308-309). Change is not a unidirectional homogenizing process of "modernization" or "Westernization." There is little doubt that the announcement of the "Passing of Traditional Society" (142) was vastly premature. How deep reaching is that change? Does it actually transform Middle Eastern societies and communities, or are their basic features resilient to the forces of change? Is the process of change essentially the same throughout the 'region, or can one distinguish different kinds of processes and different types of communal response to them? To what are the differences related? Anthropologists of an older generation were chiefly concerned with the description and analysis of the transmitted, traditional traits of Middle Eastern societies [e.g. 143; 210, Vol. 1; see also Hart's review of French anthropology in Appendix III of Antoun's work (9)]. Among the new generation,

Attitudes of South African Indians towards westernization and its effects on their family life: A pilot study

Abstract: The attitudes of a randomly selected number of South African Indians towards westernization and its effects on their family lives are examined. Two working hypotheses were formulated. First, that older, less educated, economically deprived Indian persons see westernization as a negative influence on Indian family life in South Africa, in contrast to younger, better educated, economically independent, and upwardly mobile persons. Second, that South African Indian Muslims regard westernization as a negative influence in their everyday and family life to a larger extent than Hindu and Christian Indian persons. Age, education, religion, occupation, and annual income were variables brought into relation with the hypotheses. In general, the evidence tended to support the working hypotheses. The tentativeness of the conclusions is stressed due to the preliminary nature of the study. S. Afr. J. Sociol. 1986, 17(1): 17–21

Meiji Primary School Language and Ethics Textbooks: Old Values for a New Society?

Abstract: George Sansom once called the history of education in late nine-teenth-century Japan ‘a useful example of a reaction against foreign influence and a return to tradition in the midst of a strenuous process of “modernization”.’ Sansom and others have depicted Japanese education during the first three decades of the Meiji period (1868–1912) as follows: during the 1870s Japanese education was completely dominated by the Western philosophies and principles which were flooding a country newly opened to foreign intercourse after two and one-half centuries of isolation. This extreme Westernization led to a ‘conservative reaction’ in government and education circles during the 1880s. This, in turn, culminated in the Imperial Rescript on Education of 1890 and the emphasis on ‘traditional’ moral education which was the hallmark of schooling in the 1890S. This shift in educational policy on the part of the Meiji government has been seen as ‘part of the general swing during the 1880s away from unnecessarily close imitation of the West and back towards more traditional values.’