Showing papers on "White paper published in 1970"

Barriers and Gaps Affecting mHealth in Low and Middle Income Countries: Policy White Paper

Abstract: There is growing momentum and enthusiasm to capitalize on the rapid spread of telecommunications infrastructure and uptake of mobile phones and mobile broadband services in low and middle income countries to support the achievement of global, national, district, community, and individual level health priorities. Still in its infancy, mHealth, the use of mobile technologies for health, runs the risk of not realizing its full potential due to small‐scale implementations and pilot projects with limited reach. To help shed light on these issues, the mHealth Alliance commissioned an in‐depth exploration of the policy barriers and research gaps facing mHealth. This White Paper, written by a team of researchers at the Center for Global Health and Economic Development at the Earth Institute, Columbia University, examines and synthesizes the existing mHealth literature to assess the current state of mHealth knowledge and identify barriers and gaps.

Corporate Social Responsibility As Institutional Hybrids

Abstract: This paper empirically examines the impact of societal context on constructs of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The empirical analysis is informed by neo-institutional theory, which conceptualizes CSR constructs as potential or actual institutions. A case study from the Danish business setting identifies the steps that a project group of business actors took to develop a new CSR construct. The steps include the transfer and translation of a foreign institution in response to a field-level problem, major events, and partial deinstitutionalization of an established CSR construct. The findings suggest that the new CSR construct is an institutional hybrid, a combination of foreign and familiar institutions that make a new CSR construct innovative, legitimate, and continuous with existing practice in the business setting. The paper proposes that CSR constructs are malleable institutional hybrids that are most easily implemented if tailored to the social context. It concludes with implications for managers who want to select, design and implement CSR constructs in their own business settings. The Global Compact In an address to The World Economic Forum on 31 January 1999, United Nation Secretary-General Kofi Annan challenged business leaders to join an international initiative--the Global Compact--that would bring companies together with UN agencies, labour and civil society to support nine (now ten) principles in the areas of human rights, labour, the environment, and anti-corruption. The Global Compact's ten principles in the areas of human rights, labour, the environment and anti-corruption enjoy universal consensus and are derived from 'The Universal Declaration of Human Rights,' 'The International Labour Organization's Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work,' 'The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and 'The United Nations Convention Against Corruption.' The Global Compact is now entering its next stage of development--from a phase of entrepreneurial growth to one of increasing organizational maturity. With a network of nearly 2,000 companies and other stakeholders, operating in more than 70 countries, the Global Compact is ready to move to a new level of performance. In December 2004, the first draft of a White Paper proposing a new business model and governance structure will be shared with governments, businesses, labour and civil society groups, and other stakeholders, for review, comment and input. In September 2005, The Global Compact Office will begin to implement the new business model and governance structure. (Extracts, www.unglobalcompact.org, November 18, 2004) This paper addresses the process through which a new CSR construct comes into existence and, in particular, the role of social context in this construction process. The Global Compact exemplifies one such construct of corporate social responsibility (CSR). A CSR construct is a form of CSR that is specific enough to be implemented in practice. The Global Compact is a unique construct in that it draws exclusively on international conventions. It defines CSR as universally as possible to make the construct relevant and appealing across the globe. The Global Compact also exemplifies a CSR construct that has been successful in its ambition of spreading rapidly across the world. Not all CSR constructs make it this far, or this fast. Some never diffuse beyond the innovative setting, others vanish like yesterday's fads and fashions. Yet others are never intended for global diffusion, targeting instead implementation at a more modest scale. There are many different CSR constructs, some of which are local or national in scope, while others are more international in orientation. A close look reveals that they draw on quite different elements and traditions in their CSR definitions. These differences can manifest themselves in divergent CSR practices across nations. …

Living and Learning with New Media: White Paper & Summary of Findings from the Digital Youth Project

Abstract: This white paper summarizes the results of a three-year ethnographic study, funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, examining young people’s participation in the new media ecology. It represents a condensed version of a longer treatment of the project findings. The study was motivated by two primary research questions: How are new media being integrated into youth practices and agendas? How do these practices change the dynamics of youth-adult negotiations over literacy, learning, and authoritative knowledge?

Sustainable Urban Freight Policies In TheNetherlands: A Survey

Abstract: As mentioned in the white paper of the OECD the main policy objective to be tackled is the development of sustainable urban goods transport [1]. Sustainable urban goods transport should facilitate a continuing economic growth and meanwhile protecting the environment and ensuring a better quality of life for future generations. In the Netherlands various regulations have been implemented with the aim of maintaining an urban living environment with sustainable qualities and facilitating smooth and safe traffic flows. Most of these regulations, like access restrictions based on time and/or vehicle size or weight, have been widely implemented. However, the diversity and different applications of these regulations among municipalities can cause serious (planning) difficulties for logistics operators. For this reason it is interesting to compare and evaluate the differences of policy measures within municipalities. In this paper an inventory of policy measures have been carried out among Dutch cities. The inventory of measures has been classified according to a transportation system’s view. The cities have been ranked according to the number of inhabitants. With the use of a classification of towns into large, middle and small towns a more detailed comparison can be made towards the effectiveness of policy measures. A detailed evaluation of the measures can give us an insight into how policy measures should be implemented in order to reach a long-term sustainable urban goods transport. Also interesting to evaluate on this level is to look at the rate of harmonisation and standardisation of policies between cities. With this respect it is possible to get some idea what the impact of the OECD white paper is on municipalities in European countries.

Migration to and from Scotland Since 1961

Abstract: In Scotland there is considerable interest, both official and popular, in the level and composition of net outmigration. Three new sources of migration data which have become available in recent years provide the basic data for this study: the migration tables in the 1966 sample census, the centralized data on the movements of doctors' patients within the United Kingdom, and the International Passenger Survey. Net out-migration from Scotland in the I96os has been greater to overseas countries than to the rest of the United Kingdom, and has been related closely to external factors of labour demand and to the extent of past migration; Canada has been the dominant destination. The pattern of migration between the regions of Scotland and the regions of England and Wales is controlled above all by relative distance and relative economic opportunities. IN ENGLAND AND WALES much of the current popular interest in population migration focuses on the immigration of coloured people. In Scotland, where such immigration and its associated problems are very slight, the concern is much more with the level of net out-migration to the rest of the United Kingdom and particularly to overseas countries. The need to stem this outflow is one of the main platforms of the active Scottish National Party, and the first chapter of the important White Paper, The Scottish Economy, 1965-70, a Planfor Expansion, is devoted almost entirely to a review of Scottish migration trends. This White Paper set out the Government's plans for the expansion of the Scottish economy to about I970, within the framework of the now-outmoded National Plan, and one of the stated main objectives was to halve the annual net out-migration from Scotland. Migration has traditionally been regarded as a means of narrowing inter-regional economic differences, particularly in the level of unemployment, but it is now being accepted that, within advanced economies, where the market orientation of service and manufacturing industries becomes a dominant locational consideration, it may actually accentuate these differences, owing largely to the inter-dependence between supply of and demand for labour. Thus within Scotland the level of net out-migration is being regarded with concern, for fear that, without positive remedial action, it might become a self-perpetuating process, as it helps to maintain those inter-regional and even international differences of which it is a function. Fortunately the growing interest in migration trends has been paralleled by a growing availability of basic migration data, and it is the purpose of this paper to examine the pattern of recent migration to and from Scotland in relation to three sources of data which have only become available in recent years. All three permit a study of gross as well as net movements and have the advantage of covering the whole population (although often on a sample basis) as opposed to some of the sources which have been used extensively in the past (for example, Ministry of Labour data on the movement of insured employees). Census Migration Tables In both Scotland and England & Wales the 1961 Census was the first to include a direct question on migration. It asked for a person's usual address on 23 April 1960, if it differed from

Canada and the International Monetary Fund

Abstract: The white paper, Foreign Policy for Canadians, is welcome both for its statement of government policies and for the many explanations and arguments that are put forward in cogent and comprehensible terms. But it displays at least two gaps which are in some measure related. The white paper actually consists of six pamphlets of differing length: Foreign Policy for Canadians, Europe, International Development, Latin America, Pacific, and the United Nations. All well and good; but what happened to the United States? Of course there are references to the United States peppered throughout the pamphlets. But there is, astonishingly, no coherent attempt to take a comprehensive look at the uneasy giant beside which Canada finds itself and to decide how best to try to live with it. The other omission is less obvious. The white paper is rich in policy objectives, but poor in methods of reaching those objectives: rich in ends, but poor in means. One does not have to believe that "the medium is the message" to be concerned with ways and means. And, in this particular field, the medium may in fact be an important element in the message. In wartime Washington, when plans were being developed for the postwar world, it was decided that international affairs should in