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Showing papers on "White paper published in 2018"


Book ChapterDOI
08 Mar 2018
TL;DR: The purpose of this white paper is to discuss the evolution of auditing and the history of the traditional audit and to provide an improved understanding of movements that have taken and are taking place relative to technology such that readers might better envision how accountants will continue to be the assurance providers of choice in the evolving real-time global economy.
Abstract: The purpose of this white paper is to discuss the evolution of auditing and the history of the traditional audit. This white paper is the second essay in the update to the 1999 CICA and AICPA Research Report on Continuous Auditing. This paper is published by the AICPA Assurance Services Executive Committee’s Emerging Assurance Technologies Task Force with the intent of offering insight into the traditional audit approach, how it has evolved, and how it might continue to evolve into the future audit. This paper is also intended to provide an improved understanding of movements that have taken and are taking place relative to technology such that readers might better envision how accountants will continue to be the assurance providers of choice in the evolving real-time global economy. The subject matter outlined in this paper is of interest to AICPA members and those in the accounting profession as a whole.

80 citations


BookDOI
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on issues around aligning theory, research and practice in social work education, with a slant towards an Afrocentric approach, aiming to facilitate strong reflective thinking.
Abstract: Issues Around Aligning Theory, Research and Practice in Social Work Education provides a reflection on social work education with a slant towards an Afrocentric approach, aiming to facilitate strong reflective thinking and to address local realities about social work education on the African continent as well as in broader global contexts. This volume focuses on issues around aligning theory, research and practice in social work education. A significant contribution is made here to the scholarly understanding of opportunities to sustain the academic discourse on social work education. Social work as a profession and a social science discipline is dynamic, and it ought to meet the challenges of the realities of the societies in which it serves, given the history of the changing society of South Africa from apartheid to democracy. Over the years, social work education and training has undergone tremendous curricular changes with the enactment of the White Paper for Social Welfare and the national review, respectively, by the South African Council for Social Services Professions (SACSSP) and the Council on Higher Education (CHE) for the re-accreditation of all Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) programmes in South Africa fulfilling the prescripts of the Higher Education Act (No. 101 of 1997, as amended) and Social Service Professions Act (No. 110 of 1978). It is worth mentioning that the curricular changes will also continue with the current reviewing of Social Service Professions Act (No. 110 of 1978), as amended, which is underway in South Africa. This book is really ground-breaking! The Afrocentric perspective on social work practice contributes to the current discourse on decolonisation of social work teaching and practice. From a methodological perspective, the book is premised on multi-, inter- and trans-disciplining in social sciences. It covers aspects of social work education and practice through research (narrative, qualitative, African methodology, secondary data analysis, etc.), engendering values and ethics, report writing, supervision in fieldwork as well as exchange programmes and international service-learning, addressing a number of concepts such as cultural competency, cultural awareness and sensitivity are addressed.

38 citations


Posted ContentDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the state of key trends and emerging technologies/services, documented impacts on California's transportation ecosystem, and future growth projections (as appropriate) are discussed. And the authors present a reference for modelers and decision makers to explore their opinions on the future of transportation.
Abstract: Transportation is arguably experiencing its most transformative revolution since the introduction of the automobile. Concerns over climate change and equity are converging with dramatic technological advances. Although these changes – including shared mobility and automation – are rapidly altering the mobility landscape, predictions about the future of transportation are complex, nuanced, and widely debated. California is required by law to renew the California Transportation Plan (CTP), updating its models and policy considerations to reflect industry changes every five years. This document is envisioned as a reference for modelers and decision makers. We aggregate current information and research on the state of key trends and emerging technologies/services, documented impacts on California’s transportation ecosystem, and future growth projections (as appropriate). During 2017, we reviewed an expanded list of 20 topics by referencing state agency publications, peer-reviewed journal articles, and forecast reports from consulting firms and think tanks. We followed transportation newsletters and media sources to track industry developments, and interviewed six experts to explore their opinions on the future of transportation. We consulted an advisory committee of over 50 representatives from local and state transportation agencies, who provided input throughout the project’s evolution. We also obtained feedback on our draft report from a panel of U.S. experts.

35 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In a recent conference on planning in Africa, it was suggested that the colonial era was over and that planners are already well-versed in decolonising theories and p....
Abstract: I recently attended an international conference on planning in Africa. Here, it was suggested that the colonial era was over and that planners are already well-versed in decolonising theories and p...

31 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a post structural lens is used to make arguments against homogenizing people's conditions and circumstances and argue that the post 1994-reform agenda intended to streamline the previously fragmented and segregated landscape.
Abstract: Using a post structural lens, I make arguments against homogenizing people’s conditions and circumstances. In particular, I acknowledge that the post 1994-reform agenda intended to streamline the previously fragmented and segregated landscape. Black women, who are the main target of this article suffered triple marginalization- race, social class and sexism. The aim of the article is to show the tensions within White Paper (1997)- (A programme for the transformation of higher Education) that have not enabled gender gaps within post 1994 South African higher education addressed successfully- the gaps are still gapping. I state that we should not take for granted phrases such as “equal opportunities” and “equal access” in policies. Instead, we should seek their meaning and achievement inter alia in earnest for the targeted group. Therefore, I postulate that gender and gendering is complex and very fragmented. For this reason, formulating transformation interventions on the premise of equality for all does not necessarily guarantee gender equality or gender equity. With this in mind, a “one-size fits all” approach is implausible and does not suffice in addressing salient gender injustices. I propose a multifaceted approach, which encompasses a realistic and holistic outlook on the divergent needs of black women as a possible solution to the current challenges.

20 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight the limited attention paid to arts, culture and creative industries, and consider this relative policy vacuum in the context of global developments in creative industries in both developed and developing nations.
Abstract: Creative industries are recognised as a key driver of economic growth in both developed and developing nations. In addition to recognising the importance of creative industries, the Australian government has recently renewed a focus on the vast northern tropical area of this island nation as key to future economic and population growth, via the release of a white paper focussed on development options for the north. However, the white paper contains virtually no references to creative industries. In addition, Australia’s most recent national cultural policy, Creative Australia, has after only a few years slipped into obscurity and despite major resources being invested towards its development. Drawing on the almost 100 years of policy documentation relevant to Northern Australia, this paper highlights the limited attention paid to arts, culture and creative industries, and considers this relative policy vacuum in the context of global developments in creative industries.

19 citations



MonographDOI
13 Jun 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyse the extent to which students are constructed as consumers in contemporary policy documents, including the white paper Success as a Knowledge Economy: Teaching Excellence, Social Mobility and Student Choice (DBIS, 2016), which provides the basis for the Higher Education Bill which has recently passed through the UK parliament.
Abstract: It is now widely assumed in England – by academics and social commentators alike – that, as a result of the introduction of a wide range of market reforms over the past few decades, English students have become consumers of higher education (HE). In this chapter we draw on two sources of data to interrogate critically these assumptions in relation to both students’ choice-making processes and experiences of degree-level study. Firstly, we analyse the extent to which students are constructed as consumers in contemporary policy documents, including the white paper Success as a Knowledge Economy: Teaching Excellence, Social Mobility and Student Choice (DBIS, 2016), which provides the basis for the Higher Education Bill which has recently passed through the UK parliament. Secondly, we consider the extent to which these constructions are shared by students themselves, using data from focus groups in a diverse sample of English higher education institutions (HEIs). We explore whether students contest these constructions and/or offer their own alternatives. The structure of our chapter is as follows: we first discuss the background to the research, by outlining key facets of the higher education system in England, and some of the main theoretical debates that are pertinent to our study. We then briefly describe our research methods before going on to present our findings in some detail – comparing the degree of congruence between policy constructions and student understandings. In our conclusion, we discuss some of the systemic challenges that emerge from our data.

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Nationally funded open-access registries should be established to permit complete disclosure of financial, professional, and personal relationships with the potential for driving bias in research, clinical practice, or health management, and make 15 recommendations for minimising conflicts of interest.
Abstract: Conflicts of interest are a normal part of human social intercourse They become problematic when there is a power differential between participants in the setting of relationships requiring a high degree of trust, as in healthcare In this white paper we consider how these conflicts may be detected and mitigated Following Medline search and reference chaining, we undertook a narrative review of the literature with iterative discussion Conflicts of interest may be financial, professional or personal, and may operate at the level of the individual or the organisation Unmanaged, they become a source of bias which places the interests of the professional or the organisation before those of the patient Reported with increasing frequency, conflicts damage trust, harm patients, and defraud the health system We make 15 recommendations for minimising conflicts of interest Nationally funded open-access registries should be established to permit complete disclosure of financial, professional, and personal relationships with the potential for driving bias in research, clinical practice, or health management Governance of disclosure should be the responsibility of employing organisations through annual staff appraisals, audited by national research integrity committees Research fraud should incur suspension of the license to practice Organisations should monitor staff perceptions of ethical climate to enhance awareness of staff behaviours and the potential for misconduct driven by academic pressures Clear separation of advisory and voting roles is needed in best practice guideline panels Professional societies and scientific journals should display conflict of interest policies for their own staff and officers as well as for speakers and authors Undergraduates should not be exposed to pharmaceutical promotions masquerading as education Undergraduate and postgraduate training programmes should include teaching about managing conflicts of interest and identifying research misconduct

14 citations



Posted ContentDOI
24 Sep 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the legal and policy rationale for controlled digital lending, as well as a variety of risk factors and practical considerations that can guide libraries seeking to implement such lending.
Abstract: This paper is about how libraries can legally lend digital copies of books. It explains the legal and policy rationales for the process— “controlled digital lending”— as well as a variety of risk factors and practical considerations that can guide libraries seeking to implement such lending. We write this paper in support of the Position Statement on Controlled Digital Lending, a document endorsed by many libraries, librarians, and legal experts. Our goal is to help libraries and their lawyers become more comfortable with the concept by more fully explaining the legal rationale for controlled digital lending, as well as situations in which this rationale is the strongest.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the sixth in a series of annual reports designed to highlight key developments and data related to usage of social media in the Middle East and North Africa.
Abstract: This report is the sixth in a series of annual reports designed to highlight key developments and data related to usage of social media in the Middle East and North Africa. As in previous reports, this White Paper captures insights from a wide variety of academic, industry and media sources, distilling the key lessons from the past year. Social Media adoption, and usage, around the world continues to rapidly evolve; and the Middle East is no exception. This 2017 research and industry round-up highlights the increasing prominence of visually led social media in the region, and the ongoing popularity of Facebook’s different products.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the state of the art in the application of RAS in Agri-food production and explores research and innovation needs to ensure these technologies reach their full potential and deliver the necessary impacts in the Agrifood sector.
Abstract: Agri-Food is the largest manufacturing sector in the UK. It supports a food chain that generates over £108bn p.a., with 3.9m employees in a truly international industry and exports £20bn of UK manufactured goods. However, the global food chain is under pressure from population growth, climate change, political pressures affecting migration, population drift from rural to urban regions and the demographics of an aging global population. These challenges are recognised in the UK Industrial Strategy white paper and backed by significant investment via a Wave 2 Industrial Challenge Fund Investment ("Transforming Food Production: from Farm to Fork"). Robotics and Autonomous Systems (RAS) and associated digital technologies are now seen as enablers of this critical food chain transformation. To meet these challenges, this white paper reviews the state of the art in the application of RAS in Agri-Food production and explores research and innovation needs to ensure these technologies reach their full potential and deliver the necessary impacts in the Agri-Food sector.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In technical marketing communication, the white paper is usually a document that describes a new or improved technology in order to generate new ideas as discussed by the authors, which is referred to as a white paper document.
Abstract: Although various types of documents are called white papers, in technical marketing communication the white paper is usually a document that describes a new or improved technology in order to gener...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Australian federal government white paper ‘Our north, our future’ projects that northern Australia’s population could reach 5,000,000 by 2060, which represents an almost four-fold increase in po...
Abstract: The Australian federal government white paper ‘Our north, our future’ projects that northern Australia’s population could reach 5,000,000 by 2060. This represents an almost four-fold increase in po...

Journal ArticleDOI
05 Dec 2018
TL;DR: The 2008 White Paper on Defence and National Security as mentioned in this paper was the first major document to focus directly on national cyberthreats as a key risk to France's sovereignty and defined new priorities.
Abstract: The 2008 White Paper on Defence and National Security was the first major document to focus directly on national cyberthreats as a key risk to France’s sovereignty. It defined new priorities – such...

Book ChapterDOI
09 Jan 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, a historical sociological analysis inspired by Abrams P. of the development of today's Norwegian long-term care services, tracing it back to its roots in the nineteenth century, is presented.
Abstract: Norway is internationally known for providing one of the world's most universal and comprehensive long-term care services. This chapter focuses on older people and their main services. It provides a historical sociological analysis inspired by Abrams P. of the development of today's Norwegian long-term care services, tracing it back to its roots in the nineteenth century. The chapter utilizes welfare statistics showing development trends over time, based on national statistics and to some extent also white papers, being aware of their political strategical functions rather than mirroring the status of welfare services. In a white paper, the post-war development of long-term care services is divided into three phases: one from 1965 to 1980 called 'the public revolution', the next from 1980 to 1995 called 'consolidation and reorganization', and a final one from 1995 to 2010 called 'innovation and effectivization'. Public home help services for older people started in the 1960s, including first a few municipalities, later expanding to increasing numbers.

Posted Content
TL;DR: Challenges in DOMA that HEP experiments, such as the HL-LHC, will face as well as potential ways to address them are discussed and a research and development timeline to assess these changes is proposed.
Abstract: Without significant changes to data organization, management, and access (DOMA), HEP experiments will find scientific output limited by how fast data can be accessed and digested by computational resources. In this white paper we discuss challenges in DOMA that HEP experiments, such as the HL-LHC, will face as well as potential ways to address them. A research and development timeline to assess these changes is also proposed.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2018
TL;DR: The Association for Popular Music Education (APME) is the world's leading organization in popular music education, galvanizing a community of practice, scholarship, and innovation around the field.
Abstract: The Association for Popular Music Education (APME), founded in 2010, is the world’s leading organization in popular music education, galvanizing a community of practice, scholarship and innovation around the field. APME presents herein a report on popular music education. Music education – meaning formal schooling in music – has tended most of the time to exclude almost all forms and contexts of music, and therefore has also elided most models of music learning and teaching. Popular music is among these excluded musics. Popular music education (hereafter PME) is complex, and can appear elusive, exclusive and inclusive. This is in part because of the complexity, fluidity and cultural contingency of the term, ‘popular music’. It is a term that many outside the academy do not recognize – for them, it is simply music that they like or with which they are familiar. Some individuals and subcultures invest considerable effort into discovering and partaking in local or global scenes, in physical or online spaces; others like the music that reaches them as more or less passive consumers in a music-saturated world. Popular music – as many other types of music – can sound vastly different (as well as often being strikingly similar) in different territories. PME’s variable status and characteristics are also the properties of a genre of music that is forever redefining itself, through the work of musicians, marketers and journalists – and, increasingly, educators. PME is inherently diverse and inclusive as a field, if not in every discrete instance. Individual programs and courses are often somewhat non-diverse, catering to the needs or a particular group of students, or reflecting the expertise of an educator or group of teachers. The label, popular music education, places its practices and practitioners outside of much mainstream discourse in music education and music teacher education, while it also serves as a rallying point for many who have felt excluded from normative discourse and practice in their field.

17 Jan 2018
TL;DR: The RiHN White Paper as mentioned in this paper is the first serious attempt to gather expertise and to explore applications in promising areas of healthcare that could benefit from RDM and covers early-stage user needs, challenges and priorities.
Abstract: The RiHN White Paper is the first serious attempt to gather expertise and to explore applications in promising areas of healthcare that could benefit from RDM and covers early-stage user needs, challenges and priorities. The UK has an opportunity to lead in this area and RiHN has identified an extensive number of areas for fruitful R&D, crossing production technology, infrastructure, business and organisations. The paper serves as a foundation for discussing future technological roadmaps and engaging the wider community and stakeholders, as well as policy makers, in addressing the potential impact of RDM. The RiHN White Paper is of particular value to policy makers and funders seeking to specify action and to direct attention where it is needed. The White Paper is also useful for the research community, to support their proposals with credible research propositions and to show where collaboration with industry and the public sector will deliver the most benefits. In order to seize the opportunities presented by RDM RiHN proposes a bold new agenda that incorporates a whole healthcare system view of future implementation pathways and wider transformation implications. The priority areas for Future R&D can be summarised as follows: through Automated production platform technologies and supporting manufacturing infrastructures Advances in analytics and metrology New regulatory frameworks and governance pathways New frameworks for business model and organisational transformation The time to take action is now. Technologies are developing that have the potential to disrupt traditional healthcare pathways and offer therapies tailored to individual needs and physiological characteristics. The challenge is seizing this opportunity and make the UK a world leader in RDM.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This submission is to the Committee of Experts on a Data Protection Framework for India on its White Paper, structured around the ‘Provisional Views’ set out by the Committee in each Chapter of the White Paper.
Abstract: This submission is to the Committee of Experts on a Data Protection Framework for India on its White Paper, structured around the ‘Provisional Views’ set out by the Committee in each Chapter of the White Paper. A few of the main points made in the Submission are as follows. The White Paper mistakenly assumes ‘that there are two distinct models in the field of data protection’, an EU model, and a US model, whereas in fact over 120 countries have enacted data privacy laws, and the current global standard of data privacy laws even outside Europe, is closer to the EU Directive than the OECD Guidelines. There is one global standard – and then there is the US, increasingly isolated. As a result of the Supreme Court’s Puttaswamy decision, India’s position is, in general, the same as the EU’s position: privacy is a fundamental inalienable right, with the ability of governments to derogate from it requiring considerable justification. There are many other reasons why India should adopt a global ‘gold standard’ data privacy law, but Puttaswamy also adds an element of necessity. In addition, a new data protection law for India, coupled with Puttaswamy’s implications, will create a completely new opportunity to obtain a positive ‘adequacy’ finding from the EU. More specific submissions concerning the White Paper’s approach include the following: • The White Paper is deficient in not sufficiently recognizing the role of privacy by design and default. • Indian governments need to allocate sufficient resources to fund data protection authorities (DPAs) with ‘sufficient capacity’ to effectively administer data protection at both national and state levels. • India should assert jurisdiction where goods and services are offered remotely to those in India, or where there is a business with an establishment in India, and consider including processing which involves monitoring activities of persons in India, from outside India. • Some limited exemptions from the law, in both the public and private sectors, should apply but should have to meet the tests set out in Puttaswamy. • The standard international definition of ‘personal data’, based on identifiability, needs to be extended somewhat to provide protection against technologies which include information enabling interactions with the person on the basis of their personal characteristics, even without identifiability. • Extra protection for categories of ‘sensitive information’ should apply to biometic data, and any identifiers of general application (including Aadhaar). • India should deal with data export limitations in a way similar to the EU’s ‘adequacy’ approach, with its DPA having the ability to determine which countries meet such criteria. An Indian DPA could also decide to trust the decisions concerning adequacy that are made by one or more other international data protection authorities (e.g., under EU or Council of Europe instruments). • Data minimisation (‘the practice of limiting the collection of personal information to that which is necessary to accomplish a specified purpose’) has not been made irrelevant by technological developments, and should be re-asserted. • If a ‘reasonable expectations’ test is used as means of determining what are compatible / incompatible proposed additional uses of data, it is important these do not include ‘expectations’ that are formed because of what data controllers say they intend to do with data, irrespective of whether data subjects wish such uses to be made. • Both (i) automatic deletion or de-identification, and (ii) deletion on request are now recognised as normal rights of data subjects, and should be part of India’s law. • Data portability is a necessary new right, with social networks, and with any other online systems where individuals have invested a considerable amount of time in curating information produced by themselves (UGC, user-generated content). • The White Paper is mistaken in its support for co-regulatory models, which have had little successful take-up anywhere in the world. ‘Flexibility’ can be achieved by other means. • Adjudication officers (AOs) under the IT Act do not have the necessary independence to investigate government, and the existing system has been a complete failure in relation to privacy issues. • It is reasonable to require data subjects to complain first to data controllers only when those data subjects have an easily identifiable Data Protection Officer (DPO) or grievance redressal officer. Otherwise, data subjects should have the option to approach the DPA directly. • Data subjects should always have the right to appeal to a court/tribunal against the actions of a DPA, even when the DPA has not made a formal ‘decision’. • Where the DPA takes suo moto (on its own motion) action it is essential that the DPA can exercise all of the same remedial actions it can take when it receives a complaint. • The Indian government needs to give sufficient resources and independence not only to its DPA, but also to the body that hears appeals from the DPA. The Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appeals Tribunal (TDSAT) is a dubious choice. • Both civil penalties and compensation are now part of most modern data privacy laws. • There is no reason why the DPA itself cannot award compensation, with a right of appeal to a court or tribunal. It will not help India to develop good data protection policies, and consistent remedies, if initial investigation of some complaints is done by the DPA, and others by the NCDRC. • The preferable approach to civil penalties (fines) is that the DPA set fines subject to an upper limit linked to a variable parameter such as a percentage of the annual turnover of the defaulting data controller.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The release for public comment of the Draft 2018 White Paper on Science, Technology and Innovation marks the culmination of a lengthy internal process within the Department of Science and Technology (DST) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: publiShed: 27 November 2018 The release for public comment of the Draft 2018 White Paper on Science, Technology and Innovation1 marks the culmination of a lengthy internal process within the Department of Science and Technology (DST). As noted in the Minister’s Foreword to the Draft White Paper, the document is intended to replace both the 1996 White Paper on Science and Technology2 and the 2008 Ten-Year Innovation Plan3. Its publication is the outcome of a strategic project initiated and driven several years ago by the then Minister of Science and Technology, Naledi Pandor, which has involved several cycles of input from members of the DST and its associated entities, such as the National Intellectual Property Management Office and the National Advisory Council on Innovation, and wide consultation with external experts and consultants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of UK industrial policy in the context of Brexit and weak productivity performance is presented, and the desirability of improving horizontal policies in the areas of innovation, infrastructure and skills is noted.
Abstract: This paper reviews UK industrial policy in the context of Brexit and weak productivity performance. It considers proposals made in a recent White Paper as well as more general arguments for reform now that the ‘post-Thatcher consensus’ has ended. The desirability of improving horizontal policies in the areas of innovation, infrastructure and skills is noted. In the event of a hard Brexit, there would be an opportunity to return to 1970s-style selective industrial policies and public-interest-based competition policy. An advantage of a soft Brexit is that it would preclude interventionism of this kind.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Government has been increasingly willing to admit that there is something seriously wrong with housing in the UK, declaring in its 2017 White Paper that we have a ‘broken housing market’ as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Government has been increasingly willing to admit that there is something seriously wrong with housing in the UK, declaring in its 2017 White Paper that we have a ‘broken housing market’.1 Saji...

29 Mar 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) made a contribution to the research of museum and library services, which was made possible by the National Museum of Natural History (NMNHMH).
Abstract: This project was made possible in part by the Institute of Museum and Library Services [LG-73-16-0040-16]. The views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent those of the Institute of Museum and Library Services.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors study the potential challenges for security in the region of Asia and the Pacific in the context of the growing power of the PRC and the perception of the international environment by the members of the CPC.
Abstract: The growing power of the PRC implies a change in the international and security policy of the country, and even the perception of the international environment by the members of the CPC. The White Paper of Defence , published every two years by the Ministry of National Defence of the People's Republic of China aims to explain the ongoing evolution. The present paper studies in depth the Chinese point of view of the potential challenges for security in the region of Asia and the Pacific.

01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: This White Paper describes how Human Factors can bring a depth and clarity of understanding to Health and Social Care issues.
Abstract: The purpose of this White Paper is to provide the authoritative guide to aid understanding of how Human Factors can and should be used, and the competence and experience needed to manage effort, solve problems and make decisions. It describes how Human Factors can bring a depth and clarity of understanding to Health and Social Care issues.