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Wind shear

About: Wind shear is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8023 publications have been published within this topic receiving 185373 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
10 Dec 1981-Nature
TL;DR: The results of global measurements of atmospheric water vapor by the Seasat Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer and wave height and wind speed by the SEAT altimeter (ALT) are reported in this paper.
Abstract: The results of global measurements of atmospheric water vapor by the Seasat Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer and wave height and wind speed by the Seasat altimeter (ALT) are reported. The 13.5 GHz ALT has a 3.125 ns pulsewidth and 1022 Hz repetition rate, and measures surface height to a resolution exceeding 10 cm celative to a reference ellipsoid. Full ALT data comprise 135 km equatorial groundtracks, with about a 50 cm difference of sea wave height compared to buoy reference measurements, and windspeed accuracy to within 0.25-1.58 m/sec up to 20 m/sec. Highest water vapor concentrations were observed in the tropics and the lowest at high latitudes. Wind speeds were highest for the north-east and south-east tradewinds in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Average wave height is small in the summer North Hemisphere and the largest waves are in the winter Southern ocean, and lowest in western Atlantic and Pacific ocean areas where winds are lightest.

78 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the interaction between sea level, wind stress, and thermocline depth was investigated and it was found that seasonal variability in the upper layer throughflow and interannual variability in deep throughflow are the predominant results of the complex interaction of forcing mechanisms.
Abstract: The Indonesian throughflow is presumed to be driven by a sea level gradient from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean. Deep throughflow transport may also be driven by a steric gradient between the two basins. The sea level gradient, in turn, is thought to be maintained by the differing wind patterns in the two basins: monsoonal in the Indian Ocean and trades in the western equatorial Pacific. In the interaction between sea level, wind stress, and thermocline depth as identified from historical measurements, we find (1) over the Indian, Indonesian, and equatorial Pacific basins and specifically within the throughflow region, sea level, and thermocline seasonal variations are negatively correlated (sea level rise corresponding to thermocline deepening) and sea level and meridional wind stress are also correlated; (2) the expected strong seasonal gradients in sea level through the eastern throughflow region (near the island of Timor) are found, though without an accompanying thermocline depth gradient; (3) seasonal convergence in baroclinic, upper ocean throughflow transport previously identified [Meyers et al., 1995] in the Timor Sea is associated with changes in sea level as well as upper ocean dynamic height at annual period but not at semiannual; (4) interannual variability explains more of the sea level variance in the eastern throughflow region than is explained by seasonal harmonics; however, there does not appear to be a strong interannual signal in the sea level gradient to drive fluctuations in the upper ocean throughflow. We hypothesize that seasonal variability in the upper layer throughflow and interannual variability in the deep throughflow are the predominant results of the complex interaction of forcing mechanisms.

78 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a refined extreme value analysis for three physical phenomena which are leading to high gust wind speeds is presented, i.e., typical storms induced by strong frontal depressions, thunderstorms and additional gust fronts especially in weaker frontal depressions which are induced by down-drafts of cold air and/or by rain and which are not fully covered by the usual flow field models.

78 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the radiative transport within the radiometer channels is studied theoretically for a large set of oceanic/atmospheric situations with respect to surface wind speed variations, and the retrieval coefficients for the recoverage of surface wind speeds from the satellite measurements are then derived via regression analysis of the synthetic measurements simulated.
Abstract: The Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) flying as part of the U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program measures millimeter-wave radiation emerging from the Earth-atmosphere system at different directions of polarization that can be used to measure oceanic surface wind speed. The radiative transport within the radiometer channels is studied theoretically for a large set of oceanic/atmospheric situations with respect to surface wind speed variations. Statistical retrieval coefficients for the recoverage of surface wind speeds from the satellite measurements are then derived via regression analysis of the synthetic measurements simulated. The theoretically estimated accuracy for the globally valid passive wind speed retrieval is 1.4 m/s under conditions where no heavy rain hampers the surface-leaving radiation in reaching the satellite. The technique is validated with in situ wind fields over the North Sea being objectively analyzed from routine wind and pressure observations.

78 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of ocean surface currents on bulk algorithm calculations of wind stress and heat flux in a 1/5° resolution model of the North Pacific is investigated, and two year-long model runs are performed, one with wind speed modified by ocean surface velocities and one without.
Abstract: [1] The effect of ocean surface currents on bulk algorithm calculations of wind stress and heat flux in a 1/5° resolution model of the North Pacific is investigated. Two year-long model runs are performed, one with wind speed modified by ocean surface velocities and one without. Basin averaged heat flux and wind stress differences between the models were only 1–2%, but localized flux reductions of ∼10% were found in the tropics and in the Kuroshio current system. Basin average power input by the wind to the general circulation was reduced by 27% when the effect of surface currents was included. Tropical surface currents were reduced by 10%, tropical surface temperature warmed by 0.1°C, and equatorial upwelling was reduced by 15% due to the changed velocity field.

78 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023155
2022347
2021165
2020157
2019187
2018165