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Wind shear

About: Wind shear is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8023 publications have been published within this topic receiving 185373 citations.


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TL;DR: In this paper, the vertical tilt of a tropical cyclone vortex using satellite and aircraft data was determined using a unique method for determining vertical tilt using a combination of satellite infrared (IR) data and numerical model analysis.
Abstract: Hurricane Bertha (1996) was influenced by vertical wind shear with highly variable direction and magnitude. The paper describes a unique method for determining the vertical tilt of a tropical cyclone vortex using satellite and aircraft data. Hurricane Bertha's vortex tracks at three levels are shown during a period of intensification just prior to landfall. During this period, the hurricane vortex becomes more closely aligned in the vertical. Changes in asymmetries of satellite infrared (IR) cold cloud areas are shown to be related to the vortex alignment. Environmental vertical shear measurements throughout Hurricane Bertha's life cycle are presented using IR cloud asymmetries and numerical model analyses. Intensification periods are associated with more symmetric IR cloud measurements. The directions of the IR cloud asymmetric orientations are compared with numerical-model-derived vertical shear directions. The changes in the vertical shear analyses are discussed with respect to observed intens...

73 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the variation of tropical cyclone rapid intensification (RI) in the western North Pacific and its relationship with large-scale climate variability and found that RI events have exhibited strikingly multidecadal variability.
Abstract: This study investigates the variation of tropical cyclone (TC) rapid intensification (RI) in the western North Pacific (WNP) and its relationship with large-scale climate variability. RI events have exhibited strikingly multidecadal variability. During the warm (cold) phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the annual RI number is generally lower (higher) and the average location of RI occurrence tends to shift southeastward (northwestward). The multidecadal variations of RI are associated with the variations of large-scale ocean and atmosphere variables such as sea surface temperature (SST), tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP), relative humidity (RHUM), and vertical wind shear (VWS). It is shown that their variations on multidecadal time scales depend on the evolution of the PDO phase. The easterly trade wind is strengthened during the cold PDO phase at low levels, which tends to make equatorial warm water spread northward into the main RI region rsulting from meridional ocean advectio...

73 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an isentropic trajectory model is used to simulate the evolution of the southern hemisphere SO2 cloud associated with the eruption of Cerro Hudson, which was still clearly observed 19 days after the eruption.
Abstract: An isentropic trajectory model is used to simulate the evolution of the southern hemisphere SO2 cloud associated with the eruption of Cerro Hudson. By matching the parcel trajectories with total ozone mapping spectrometer SO2 retrievals, the principal stratospheric injection region is determined to be between 11 and 16 km in altitude. This region is characterized by weak wind shears and is located just poleward of the subtropical jet in the outer fringe of the stratospheric polar vortex. The lack of wind shear in the injection region explains the slow zonal dispersal of the SO2 cloud which was still clearly observed 19 days after the eruption. The trajectory model simulation of the SO2 cloud shows good agreement with observations for 7 days after the eruption. Using the potential vorticity and potential temperature estimates of the initial eruption cloud, the cloud position relative to the polar night jet is shown to be nearly fixed up to September 2, 1991, which was as long as the cloud was observed. This result suggests that the lower stratospheric polar and midlatitude regions are nearly isolated from each other during the late August period.

73 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, changes in environmental wind shear and subsequent changes in simulated supercell storm structure were analyzed to determine how these changes affect the growth of a supercell hailstorm.
Abstract: Severe hailstorms produce over $1 billion in insured losses annually in the United States, yet details of a given storm’s hail threat (e.g., maximum hailstone size and total hailfall) remain challenging to forecast. Previous research suggests that, in addition to maximum updraft speed, the storm-relative airflow could be equally important for hail formation and growth. This study is a first step toward determining how changes in environmental wind shear and subsequent changes in simulated supercell storm structure affect hail growth. Using Cloud Model 1 (CM1) with 500-m horizontal and 250-m vertical grid spacing, 20 idealized simulations are performed in which the thermodynamic profile remains fixed but the environmental hodograph is systematically altered. Hail growth is quantified using the hail mass mixing ratio from composites of storms over the last hour of simulation time. Hailstone growth “pseudotrajectories” are computed from these storm composites to determine favorable embryo source regi...

73 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a comprehensive assessment of offshore wind characteristics on the basis of measurements from a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system at an offshore site in Hong Kong.

73 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023155
2022347
2021165
2020157
2019187
2018165