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Wind shear

About: Wind shear is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8023 publications have been published within this topic receiving 185373 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
08 Mar 1985-Science
TL;DR: In the experiment described here, sulfur hexafluoride was dissolved in lake water, and the rate of escape of the gas with wind speed (at wind speeds up to 6 meters per second) was determined over a 1-month period, in agreement with the results of wind-tunnel studies.
Abstract: Gas-exchange processes control the uptake and release of various gases in natural systems such as oceans, rivers, and lakes. Not much is known about the effect of wind speed on gas exchange in such systems. In the experiment described here, sulfur hexafluoride was dissolved in lake water, and the rate of escape of the gas with wind speed (at wind speeds up to 6 meters per second) was determined over a 1-month period. A sharp change in the wind speed dependence of the gas-exchange coefficient was found at wind speeds of about 2.4 meters per second, in agreement with the results of wind-tunnel studies. However, the gas-exchange coefficients at wind speeds above 3 meters per second were smaller than those observed in wind tunnels and are in agreement with earlier lake and ocean results.

263 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the full nonlinear solution to the equations of motion of a hurricane are solved and then parameterized for use in fast-running simulations, taking into account the effects of changing sea surface roughness and the air-sea temperature difference on the estimated surface-level wind speeds.
Abstract: A critical component in the simulation of hurricanes is a good representation of the hurricane wind field when given information of the storm intensity, size, and translation speed. In the investigation described here, the full nonlinear solution to the equations of motion of a hurricane are solved and then parameterized for use in fast-running simulations. The hurricane model described here takes into account the effects of changing sea surface roughness and the air-sea temperature difference on the estimated surface-level wind speeds. Comparisons between modeled and observed hurricane wind speed records are performed where one compares both the 10-min mean wind speeds and the peak gust wind speeds. The resulting wind field model represents the most physically based and validated model used in the estimate of hurricane wind speed exceedance probabilities.

262 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1996-Tellus A
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a high resolution atmospheric model at T106 resolution, for studying the influence of greenhouse warming on tropical storm climatology, and found that the global distribution of the storms, at the time when the CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere had doubled, agrees in geographical position and seasonal variability with that of the present climate, but the number of storms is significantly reduced, particularly at the Southern Hemisphere.
Abstract: The use of a high resolution atmospheric model at T106 resolution, for studying the influence of greenhouse warming on tropical storm climatology, is investigated. The same method for identifying the storms has been used as in a previous study by Bengtsson et al. The sea surface temperature anomalies have been taken from a previous transient climate change experiment, obtained with a low resolution ocean-atmosphere coupled model. The global distribution of the storms, at the time when the CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere had doubled, agrees in geographical position and seasonal variability with that of the present climate, but the number of storms is significantly reduced , particularly at the Southern Hemisphere. The main reason to this, appear to be connected to changes in the large scale circulation, such as a weaker Hadley circulation and stronger upper air westerlies. The low level vorticity in the hurricane genesis regions is generally reduced compared to the present climate, while the vertical tropospheric wind shear is somewhat increased. Most tropical storm regions indicate reduced surface windspeeds and a slightly weaker hydrological cycle. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1996.00004.x

260 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an idealized framework based on steadiness, axisymmetry, and slantwise neutrality is developed to assess how ventilation affects tropical cyclone intensity via two possible pathways: the first through downdrafts outside the eyewall and the second through eddy fluxes directly into the eywall.
Abstract: Midlevel ventilation, or the flux of low-entropy air into the inner core of a tropical cyclone (TC), is a hypothesized mechanism by which environmental vertical wind shear can constrain a tropical cyclone’s intensity. An idealized framework based on steadiness, axisymmetry, and slantwise neutrality is developed to assess how ventilation affects tropical cyclone intensity via two possible pathways: the first through downdrafts outside the eyewall and the second through eddy fluxes directly into the eyewall. For both pathways, ventilation has a detrimental effect on tropical cyclone intensity by decreasing the maximum steady-state intensity significantly below the potential intensity, imposing a minimum intensity below which a TC will unconditionally decay, and providing an upper-ventilation bound beyond which no steady tropical cyclone can exist. Ventilation also decreases the thermodynamic efficiency as the eyewall becomes less buoyant relative to the environment, which compounds the effects of v...

258 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using NCEP-NCAR reanalysis and in situ data, evidence of important changes in the winter cyclone climatology of the North Pacific Ocean over the past 50 years is found as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and in situ data, evidence of important changes in the winter (December–March) cyclone climatology of the North Pacific Ocean over the past 50 years is found. The frequency and intensity of extreme cyclones has increased markedly, with associated upward trends in extreme surface winds between 25° and 40°N and major changes in cyclone–related circulation patterns in the Gulf of Alaska. Related increases in extreme wave heights are inferred from wave measurements and wave–model hindcast results. The more vigorous cyclone activity has apparently resulted from increasing upper–tropospheric winds and vertical wind shear over the central North Pacific. Such changes, which create an environment more favorable for cyclone formation and intensification, may be related to the observed modulation of El Nino–related teleconnections at decadal and longer timescales. It is intriguing that this trend has been relatively steady rather than the sudden or stepwise shifts documented for o...

257 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023155
2022347
2021165
2020157
2019187
2018165