Showing papers on "Women's work published in 1992"
Book•
24 Aug 1992
TL;DR: In this article, Feldman discusses the impact of crisis and economic reform on women in urban Tanzania, Aili Mari Tripp gender relations and food security - coping with seasonality, drought and famine in South Asia, Bina Agarwal women's work and household strategies in times of economic crisis, Chiara Saraceno economic crisis and women in Nicaragua - adjustments and transformation, Paola Perez Aleman.
Abstract: Crises, poverty and gender inequality - current themes and issues, Shelley Feldman from survival strategies to transformation strategies - women's needs and structural adjustment, Diane Elson women and the economic crisis in the Caribbean, Helen I. Safa and Peggy Antrobus the Mexican debit crisis - restructuring the economy and the household, Lourdes Beneria crisis, Islam and gender in Bangladesh - the social construction of a female labour force, S. Feldman the politics of Bolivia's economic crisis - survival strategies of displaced tin-mining households, Wendy McFarren the impact of crisis and economic reform on women in urban Tanzania, Aili Mari Tripp gender relations and food security - coping with seasonality, drought and famine in South Asia, Bina Agarwal women's work and household strategies in times of economic crisis, Chiara Saraceno economic crisis and women in Nicaragua - adjustments and transformation, Paola Perez Aleman.
383 citations
TL;DR: A review of the progress made toward a more accurate statistical recording of women's economic activities can be found in this article, where the authors examine the conceptual, theoretical and methodological progress made during the past two decades, which contributed to the improvement of statistics regarding women in subsistence production and has set the basis for the inclusion of domestic work in national accounts.
177 citations
TL;DR: The data show that women are using less time in cooking and children are fed less often during the peak labour seasons, however, a profound and conclusive negative effect of mother's agricultural work on child nutritional status could not be shown.
Abstract: This paper examines the food related work that women are doing, and the possible effect on child feeding and nutritional status. Women's participation in food production may have positive as well as negative consequences for child nutrition. On the one hand, it may augment the total amount of food procured, while on the other, it may give women less time for child care and feeding. The data show that women are using less time in cooking and children are fed less often during the peak labour seasons. However, a profound and conclusive negative effect of mother's agricultural work on child nutritional status could not be shown. This finding is explained by various compensatory mechanisms employed by the mothers which may buffer the negative effect of the women's time constraints. The norm of feeding children at the maximum only three times a day was seen as the major contributing factor to child malnutrition. According to the women, this feeding frequency was seen as the maximum possible taking into account their heavy work in agricultural production.
37 citations
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: The International Economic Association (IEA) Programme Committee and Local Organising Committee of Local Advisory Board (LOC) as mentioned in this paper have published a survey of women's economic empowerment in developing countries.
Abstract: Preface - The International Economic Association - Acknowledgements - IEA Programme Committee - Local Organising Committee and Local Advisory Board - List of Authors and Editors - Abbreviations and Acronyms - Introduction: The Feminist Sphinx N.Folbre - PART 1: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT - Women, Work and Agricultural Commercialisation in the Philippines M.Floro - Industrilisation Strategies and Gender Composition of Manufacturing Employment in Turkey G.Berik & N.Cagatay - Female-headed Households and Urban Poverty in Pakistan Y.Mohiuddin - The Hidden Roots of the African Food Problem: Looking within the Rural Household J.Koopman - PART 2: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: GAINS AND LOSSES - Economic Development and the Feminisation of Poverty T.Allen - Economic Independence of Women in the Netherlands M.Bruyn-Hundt - The Impact of Demographic Trends in the United Kingdom on Women's Employment Prospects in the 1990s L.Evans - Union Density and Women's Relative Wage Gains J.Fletcher & S.Gill - PART 3: PART-TIME MARKET WORK: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES - The Effects of Japanese Income Tax Provisions on Women's Labour Force Participation A.Shibata - Women and Part-time Work: France and Great Britain Compared M-G.David & C.Starzec - Differential Returns to Human Capital in Full-time and Part-time Employment J.F.Ermisch & R.E.Wright - Part-time Work in Sweden and its Implications for Gender Equality M.Sundstrom - PART 4: EDUCATION AND FAMILY POLICY - Re-entrance into the Labour Market of Women Graduates in Greece: The Results of an Experimental Training Programme A.P.Kottis - Women in Higher Education: Recent Changes in the United States M.K.Chamberlain - The Impact of Population Policies on Women in Eastern Europe: The German Democratic Republic L.Duggan
32 citations
TL;DR: The history of women's work in English cheese dairying has implications for a broader historiographical question: When and why did women gradually disappear from many kinds of agricultural work in Western societies.
Abstract: English cheeses—Cheddar, Gloucester single or double, Cheshire, Stilton, and others—are familiar throughout the Anglo-American world, whether consumed after dinner in English homes or as key ingredients of American tex-mex or vegetarian cuisine. These famous cheeses originated long ago but in most cases reached a zenith in quantity and in reputation during the last century. Little is known about the history of English cheese dairying, despite its fame and its importance to agriculture past and present. Its economic background has received only slight attention, and its social history is almost entirely unexplored; yet clearly the social structure of English cheese dairying has historically exerted a major influence on the industry, because it traditionally depended upon a distinctive sexual division of labor. The history of women's work in English cheese dairying has implications for a broader historiographical question: When and why did women gradually disappear
from many kinds of agricultural work in Western societies?
19 citations
TL;DR: This article argued that the economic miracle of South Korea is closely related to the patriarchal family ideology of upper-middle-class families, and that families function as "shock absorbers" in the rapid advance of late-industrial capitalism.
Abstract: LATE INDUSTRIALIZATION IN SOUTH KOREA has affected gender relationships and class relationships, both of which can be observed in urban families. This article focuses on the nature of women's work and family structure in upper- middle-class families, which most urban studies of developing countries have ignored. It contrasts existing models of female labor-force participation with the voices of upper-middle-class housewives who engage in various labor activities to enhance the social status of the family. The article argues that the "economic miracle" of South Korea is closely related to the patriarchal family ideology of upper–middle–class families, and that families function as "shock absorbers" in the rapid advance of late-industrial capitalism. Not only men's productive work, but also women's reproductive work, is highly valued, by the state and by the society in general, for its contribution to rapid economic development. Late industrialization is a complex process that provides both liberating and oppressive contexts for gender practices and creates contradictory interpretations of gender roles. [South Korea, late industrialization, gender, class, urban families]
16 citations
TL;DR: This article examined married women's employment behavior over a five-year period (1976-1981) and found that attitudes and work and family factors differentiated women who worked continuously full-time from women who either worked either part-time or intermittently during the five year period.
Abstract: In the attempt to overcome shortcomings of previous research on women's employment patterns, married women's employment behavior was examined successively over a five year period (1976–1981). Logistic regression and discriminant function analyses were performed on a sample of 366 wives in dual earner families from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Attitudes as well as work and family factors differentiated women who worked continuously full-time from women who worked either part-time or intermittently during the five year period. The findings are discussed in the context of social change and the impact of changing norms on married women's work patterns.
12 citations
01 Jan 1992
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: The Industrial Revolution, traditionally associated with the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, has long been seen as the great historical turning point in the nature of women's working lives.
Abstract: The Industrial Revolution, traditionally associated with the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, has long been seen as the great historical turning point in the nature of women’s working lives. For with it came a reorganisation of the production process which separated the household from the workplace. A debate has raged among both feminists and historians since the early years of this century over the positive and negative impact of industrialisation on women’s workforce participation and status. Optimists have argued that industrialisation and the factory brought gains in employment and higher wages which improved women’s status within the family. Pessimists have argued that women’s jobs were narrowed to less skilled and less valued work, and that women’s social position was degraded by the decline of the household economy.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an action agenda for women to find equity in the workplace and the family to manage the caring tasks while attaining equity among its members, and discuss the challenges faced by women in social work.
Abstract: A majority of women work. Can the family manage the caring tasks while attaining equity among its members? Can women find equity in the workplace? Social work faces both issues as it deals with women clients and internally as a female-intensive occupation. Dimensions of the problems and an action agenda are presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined three types of policies affecting the Atlantic fishery: subsidies to the private sector, income maintenance of individuals (UI), and fishery regulatory policies and found that women and men are differentially affected by both policies and household strategies developed in response to them.
Abstract: This paper examines three types of policies affecting the Atlantic fishery: subsidies to the private sector, income maintenance of individuals (UI), and fishery regulatory policies. Case study material from six Nova Scotia communities shows how general social and economic policies affect women and men in households. We show the pervasiveness of these policies, how women and men act and react to them both as individuals and as household members, and how women and men are differentially affected by both policies and household strategies developed in response to them. By integrating the family household and its women and men members, we hope to add an essential dimension to analysis of apparently non-family related policies.
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the factors that explain the Dutch industry's heavy reliance on "black" labour in lieu of computers and found that nearly half of the clothing output in Amsterdam comes from Turkish sweatshops which make use either of illegal foreign workers or of legal but unemployed Turkish, Moroccan and black African women and men.
Abstract: Nearly half of the clothing output in Amsterdam comes from Turkish sweatshops which make use either of illegal foreign workers or of legal but unemployed Turkish, Moroccan and black African women and men. While the designing of garments is carried out with computer-aided machines on the main factory floors, it is the cheap, undeclared labour of ethnic contract clothing firms that provide the sought-after flexibility in the assembling stage. In this paper, the author documents the factors that explain the Dutch industry’s heavy reliance on “black” labour in lieu of computers.
TL;DR: In this article, a conjectural history, sociology, and social change in 18th century Scotland is discussed, and the history of football hooliganism is discussed in detail.
Abstract: Introduction - understanding Scotland, David McCrone, et al conjectural history, sociology and social change in 18th century Scotland - Adam Ferguson and the division of labour, John D.Brewer nationality, social change and class - transformations of national identity in Scotland, John Foster Scotland is different, ok?, Tony Dickson Scotland, social change and politics, Steve Kendrick shetland in the world economy - a sociological perspective, R.J.Smith welfare, government and the working class - Scotland 1845-1894, Ian Levitt patronage and professionalism - the \"Forgotten Middle Class\", 1760-1860, A.A.MacLaren the domestication of \"Fallen\" women - the Glasgow Magdalene Institution, 1860-1890, Linda Mahood representing Scotland - culture and nationalism, David McCrone the social construction of tradition - the restoration portraits and the kings of Scotland, S.Bruce and S.Yearley culture, social development and the Scottish highland gatherings, Grant Jarvie \"We're off to Wembley\" - the history of a Scottish event and the sociology of football hooliganism, H.F.Moorhouse.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The Australian Army Education Service (AES) as discussed by the authors published the "Chances For Soldiers" journal during the Second World War, where women were not widely perceived as being excluded.
Abstract: At the outbreak of the Second World War, the dominant ideology in Australia endorsed the myths of mateship and the "digger-Anzac", and women were not widely perceived as being excluded. This hegemony is apparent in the wartime journal published by the Army Education Service (AES, later the Australian Army Education Service, AAES), Salt.(1) The national myths are evident in the journal's reports and in much of the writing contributed by servicewomen and servicemen. Australian attitudes were bonded to an Anglo-Celtic heritage distanced from the source and from cosmopolitan stimuli. The enabling myths which related to mateship and nationalism subsumed the myth of the family to advantage a white Australian masculine point of view.Entry into professions was not gained easily even by better educated middle-class and wealthy women. For the majority, maintenance of the "nurturer" status as a component in the myth of the (national) family, rather than granting the more common reality of cheap labour, assumed paid "women's work" to be a refined form of service, or a noble sacrifice to family care.After the outbreak of war, factories were converted to produce supplies for the fighting forces, and rationing was introduced for civilians. "Women rapidly filled places in essential industry left vacant by the conscription of men for defence."(2) The need for labour for industry was one reason why the government hesitated to recruit women into the armed services, as Gould implies:[c]oncerned with manpower shortages, the Government reluctantly decided to recruit a limited number of women for the armed forces. This news resulted in thousands of applications being submitted.Enlisted women would return to civilian life as ex-Service personnel, presumably on the same footing as servicemen, to be involved in postwar reconstruction. Preparation for return to civilian life, an exercise also in the maintenance of morale, was the main educational raison d'etre of the AES. Salt's editorial section(3) was staffed by ten AES personnel, all members of the Australian Journalists' Association, as well as artists and illustrators. There were no women staff members: AWAS personnel served as typists.The journal, conventionally, directed adult education courses to men but did not specifically exclude women.(4) In the general community there was a lack of opportunities for (adult) education, and servicewomen's educational standards and their achievements through Army Education Service (AES) initiatives have not, to my knowledge, been surveyed. Salt reported that tutoring assistance to matriculation standard and leading on to University courses was available. The editor endorsed opportunities developed by the AES. Even fairly late in the war, however, if education for servicewomen was intended this was by vague implication only. In the staff article, "Chances For Soldiers. Varied Arrangements under Commonwealth Scheme" (S8 (10) 17/7/44, 54-56),(5) the editor endorsed opportunities developed by the AES for postwar professional training at universities and technical schools and vocational training. The term "trainee(s)" is used in this article and would seem to include servicewomen, except that the title has focused on "Soldiers".Participation in courses in any field requested by the servicewoman was arranged, if possible, through application to the AE Officer, Women's Services. Fedora Fisher (formerly Lieutenant Fedora Green, NF410040, AE Officer Women's Services in the Northern Territory from 1943 to 1944, recalls:levels of formal education...varied so much from state to state...[we] tried to help the individual who wanted to learn by matching her up with someone nearby who knew the subject...and, if possible, by existing correspondence courses or those we wrote ourselves....we lived our jobs with the intensity and faith of our youth. What we achieved, historians will never be able to relate because so much of the effort was ad hoc and officially unrecorded. …
Book•
01 Jan 1992
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: Colombia's women's organizations which help household workers are profiled and several women are highlighted, e.g., Emma Ojeda comes to the weekly meetings for legal and moral support.
Abstract: Colombia's women's organizations which help household workers are profiled. In Bogota the Asociacion de Mujeres Trabajadoras del Hogar (AMUTRAHOGAR) provides legal counseling, educational courses, and a friendly gathering place. The experiences of several women are highlighted, e.g., Emma Ojeda comes to the weekly meetings for legal and moral support. AMUTRAHOGAR is an alliance of unskilled and largely rural workers and professional and urban women who are concerned with the joint recognition of the importance of domestic service. The stigma is by gender, social rank, and sometimes race. This informal economy does not have very accurate figures on workers. The estimate is half a million of mostly rural migrants. Another important organization is the Asociacion Colombiana para el Estudio de la Poplacion (ACEP) which is a nongovernmental organization in Bogota begun in 1981. The aim was to review existing labor laws and evaluate how well the code was meeting women's needs. Magdalena Leon has been a research sociologist studying women's issues for 20 years through ACEP. ACEP has worked with the Sindicato de Trabajadoras del Servicio Domesticao (SINTRASEDOM) which represents and lobbies for household workers. Violation of the law on live-ins, wages, and time off duty was discovered a common occurrence. In the application of the law, employers found loopholes, and, for instance, subtracted food, clothing, and shelter which left little pocket money. The ACEP program was expanded to other cities in 1983. Program expansion included informal courses on citizenship, sexuality, and the role of women in Colombian society. When the social security code was reformed in 1977, household workers became eligible for benefits, but many employers were unaware of it. The law also excluded those with wages under the minimum wage. A public campaign was begun in 1985 by ACEP and SINTRASEDOM to inform people about the law. Community action was disrupted by unrelated political violence and a volcanic eruption. In January 1988 after 5 years of hard work Law 11 was passed which assured household workers social security benefits. A by-product was consciousness raising of many women and the formation of autonomous women's groups. Radio broadcasts now use the term professional household workers. Language: en
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In the Second World War, the mobilisation of womenpower was very thoroughgoing and extensive as mentioned in this paper, which gave rise to the question of what effects women's wartime employment had on subsequent patterns of paid work.
Abstract: The question of the scale and nature of the effects of war on society has long been debated by historians (Marwick, 1968, 1974; Calder, 1971). One issue which features prominently in most discussions of the question is how far wartime experiences can be regarded as having significant consequences for the position of women. In the Second World War the mobilisation of ‘womanpower’ was very thoroughgoing and extensive. This gives rise to the question of what effects women’s wartime employment had on subsequent patterns of paid work. Two main aspects of this question will be considered in this chapter. Did the employment of many women, especially married women, who had previously been economically inactive, whether through choice or constraint, have consequences for participation rates after the war? Did their employment in what were conventionally regarded as ‘men’s’ occupations lead to any longer-term changes in patterns of occupational segregation?
01 Jan 1992
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined married women's employment behavior over a five-year period (1976-1981) by using logistic regression and discriminant function analyses on a sample of 366 wives in dual income families from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.
Abstract: In the attempt to overcome shortcomings of previous research on women's employment patterns, married women's employment behavior was examined successively over a five year period (1976-1981). Logistic regression and discriminant function analyses were performed on a sample of 366 wives in dual earner families from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Attitudes as well as work and family factors differentiated women who worked continuously full-time from women who worled either part-time or intermittently during the five year period.
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: The authors analyzes differences between social welfare emanating from a reciprocity orientation that had its roots in charity and the church and social welfare arising from a pooling orientation, and suggests that pooling welfare is more appropriate to the state but that the more successful a program is the more likely it is to blunt the public support it requires.
Abstract: This paper analyzes differences between social welfare emanating from a reciprocity orientation that had its roots in charity and the church and social welfare emanating from a pooling orientation that had its roots in work relegated to women in the family. It suggests that pooling welfare is more appropriate to the state, but that the more successful a program is the more likely it is to blunt the public support it requires.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the findings of one study of women's employment in three different countries, and argue that cross-national comparisons have a crucial role to play in theory development in the area of women employment.
Abstract: Much has been written on the nature of gender segregation in the labour market, but it is only recently that researchers have turned to cross‐national comparisons as a means of developing more sophisticated analyses. This paper presents the findings of one study of women's employment in three different countries, and argues that cross‐national comparisons have a crucial role to play in theory‐development in the area of women's employment. The paper focuses in particular on evaluating cross‐national research methodologies.