Showing papers on "Women's work published in 1993"

Doing "women's work": Men in nontraditional occupations.

Abstract: Introduction - Christine L Williams Across the Great Divide - Harriet Bradley The Entry of Men Into 'Women's Jobs' The Pay of Men in 'Female' Occupations - Paula England and Melissa S Herbert Is Comparable Worth Only for Women? Men in Female-Dominated Fields - Jerry A Jacobs Trends and Turnover Seekers and Finders - L Susan Williams and Wayne J Villemez Male Entry and Exit in Female-Dominated Jobs Men in Female-Dominated Occupations - Kaisa Kauppinen-Toropainen and Johanna Lammi A Cross-Cultural Comparison Male Elementary Teachers - Jim Allan Experiences and Perspectives Male Secretaries - Rosemary Pringle Male Elder Caregivers - Jeffrey S Applegate and Lenard W Kaye Male Strippers - Richard Tewksbury Men Objectifying Men

Women's Work: Degraded and Devalued

Abstract: This explicitly feminist look at women and work presents data and research on the wide range of work performed by women in our society, and analyzes it from the distinct theoretical perspective of socialist feminism. It highlights the lives, the work, and the experiences of women of different races and classes through the different types of work they do. Addresses the full range of women's work--productive work done in the labor market, reproductive work performed mainly in the home, and the additional work women perform for the state (by the state regulation of women's lives in the areas of employment and children). Contrasts the socialist feminist perspective with other major theoretical perspectives from sociology and women's studies. Expresses the voices and experiences of women through qualitative research data and excerpts from the creative literature (by and about women, including women of color). Features original tables that describe the contemporary socio-economic standing of women in the U.S. For anyone interested in women's studies, the sociology of women, gender roles, social stratification, women cross-culturally, work and occupations.

What Difference did Women’s Work to the Industrial Revolution?

Abstract: Recent research by economic historians on patterns of economic growth during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has raised important questions for the significance of women's work. This research has substantially changed our views on the speed and extent of industrial change during those years classically identitied with the Industrial Revolution. about 1760 to 1820.

Tenacious women: clinging to Banja household production in the face of changing gender relations in Malawi

Abstract: This article examines major shifts in southern Malawi's matrilineal societies at the household level that have contributed to the intensification of women's agricultural workload and the undermining of their relative economic autonomy. Slave trading and incursions from militant, patrilineal invaders weakened women's authority in the pre‐colonial period while missionary activities and capitalist administrative practices further eroded women's control of vital resources and robbed them of family labour during the colonial period. The author argues that the tenacity with which women in these matrilineal, largely uxorilocal communities cling to individual family production rather than participating in gender specific collaborative forms of production signals a last defence against the historical erosion of their economic and political power. Their insistence on banja production is linked to their need to optimize and maintain control over the benefits of this production at the household level.

Domestic Ideology, School Reformers, and Female Teachers: Schoolteaching Becomes Women's Work in Nineteenth-Century New England

Abstract: W HEN Agnes Walker wrote her friend Kate Foster in 1863 that "Next summer I want to teach.... Oh, Kate, I am sold on teaching," she expressed a desire common to many nineteenth-century New England women, and one commonly fulfilled.' Although men dominated the profession from colonial days, in the nineteenth century, towns increasingly hired women to teach their children. By 1840 women held 61 percent of all teaching positions in Massachusetts and around 30 to 50 percent in the other New England states. If we use 80 percent as an index of feminization, teaching became "feminized" in Massachusetts in 1861, in 1864 in New Hampshire, 1865 in Connecticut, and 1866 in Rhode Island. The phenomenon was evident in Vermont (1880) and Maine (1890) significantly later, but by the end of the

Performance studies as women's work: Historical sights/sites/citations from the margin

Abstract: Constructing a consciousness of the presence and absence of sexual difference in performance studies mandates a new story of performance as women's work. This construction moves women from the periphery of performance history to the center, problematizes the presence and performances of women in the past, and interrogates the politics of oral interpretation textbooks' gender neutrality. The sight of the first actress/readers on the American platform, the site of speech education in private academies in turn‐of‐the‐century America, and oral interpretation's citations, metaphorical attempts at “writing the body,” are cultural, historical, and linguistic textual spaces of representation and identity. These neutered, condemned, and policed spaces of display for women are routes to the margin of the communication discipline.

Looking for the designers: transforming the Invisible' infrastructure of computerised office work

Abstract: Desktop computerisation is a widespread phenomenon that affects many women office workers. So far, much of the discussion of this topic treats these workers as ‘users’ while the need for them to (re)design their work and information systems tends to be ignored.

Women's Work in the EC: Five Career Profiles*

Abstract: Other comparative studies had offered classifications and grouping of countries in the field of fertility and employment activity, and of family and labour market structures, but none was based upon individual retrospective comparative data. We have here described a comprehensive picture of the situation of European women when they at a point in their life course had to deal with the problematic task of combining employment and motherhood. To do so we based our analysis on a new set of data. In October 1990, a specifically designed section of the Eurobarometer survey collected information on the relationship between activity and fertility in all the member States of the European Community which allowed us to obtain longitudinal strictly comparable data for the 12 EC countries. From this description arise obvious associations of countries which contribute a geographical divide of Europe along a North/South split. The factor analysis conducted here is based on career description indicators, measuring a more complete aspect of female work, from initial entry into the labour force to the type of disruption family constitution imposed on employment. Analysis of the different factors and of their consequences in terms of continuity or discontinuity of employment does not support previous assumptions about “traditional” and “modern” societies. On the contrary Northern Europe, as identified in this study does not appear to offer the most favorable environment for women to combine motherhood and career. Intermediate countries Denmark, Belgium and France appear to offer different solutions (either long paid parental leave or widespread subsidized or free child-care facilities) pertaining to both cultural areas and therefore of great interest for future European issues and policies regarding fertility and female activity.

Men's Participation in Child Care and Women's Work Attachment

Abstract: Who cares for children is an important determinant of women's work effort and their potential earnings. Although research on child care has grown dramatically over the last decade, previous studies have ignored the effects of child-care arrangements on female employment. Using the Survey of Income and Program Participation , a 1985 sample of employed mothers of preschool-age children was selected, and determinants of quitting work by 1986 were examined. Women who relied on their husbands for child-care supervision were found to be more likely to quit work than women in the reference category; in addition, this effect was stronger among lowwage women. The need for additional work on the relation between child care and the female labor supply is examined.

Economic Growth, Peasant Marginalization, and the Sexual Division of Labor in Early Twentieth-Century China: Women's Work in Nantong County

Abstract: In recent decades economic development theory has increasingly focused on the question of women and work. At the same time, development agencies and planners have attempted to integrate programs for improvement of the economic and social position of women into larger strategies aimed at increasing agricultural and industrial growth in the Third World. Two implicit assumptions have formed the basis for many of these programs and the theory from which they arise: first, that processes of economic growth and development associated with market expansion are "benevolent"; and second, that the primary problem for Third World women has been insufficient participation in these processes. Although these assumptions continue to undergird development planning, they have not gone unchallenged. Indeed, in the two decades since Ester Boserup's (1970) pioneering work first documented that both planned and unplanned market expansion often resulted in more work but no improvement-or even decline-in the condition of rural

‘Am I a Lady or an Engineer?’ The Origins of the Women’s Engineering Society In Britain, 1918–1940

Abstract: Early in 1919 a group of educated and ambitious British women, recently engaged in munitions work, founded the Women's Engineering Society (WES) to protect their interests against attempts to force them out of the engineering trades. The society was immediately confronted with deep and abiding problems of liminality. They had, first of all, to establish a new professional organization. A new generation of professional technical women had to rely on, but also resist the domination of, older and wealthier women, characterized by a fading style of moral authority and class deference. Carving out an identity somewhere between the leisured gentry and their workingclass sisters, they sought to claim a ground for professional expertise. Caught also between a powerful and patriarchal union of engineering workers and an equally patriarchal male engineering profession, they sought to regender both. And finally, they necessarily sought a proper balance between femininity and professionalism, between the gendered roles of woman and engineer. Their struggle with these issues helped shape the continuing, but problematic, social role of the woman engineer in Britain during the 20th century. The carnage that began in August 1914 used up men and munitions at an unprecedented rate, and the need for more of both at the front created a dilemma at home. By early 1915 the situation was critical. David Lloyd George, minister of munitions for Great Britain, was quoted as saying, "This is an engineer's war, and it will be won or lost owing to the efforts or shortcomings of engineers. We need men, but we need arms more than men."' The solution proved to be the attraction of

Professor mom: Woman's work in a man's world

Abstract: This essay identifies parallels between the traits assigned to gender work roles and the teaching/research division of labor at research universities. The character and definition of undergraduate teaching at research universities is very similar to what has often been described as “women's work.”

Social work as women's work: Census data 1976–1986

Abstract: Social work was stereotyped as women's work until more men began to enter it in the late 1960s. But the sex balance has swung back according to census data. Among those stating social work as their occupation, the proportion of men declined from one-third to one-quarter between 1976 and 1986. The total number of social workers also declined between 1981 and 1986. The apparent male exodus from social work may be because men have left, or been promoted to managers, or prefer to avoid a perceived gender stereotype in the title social worker. The social work profession once again has a problem with sex segregation and gender stereotyping in the labour market.

Women's work?: The contradictory implications of courses on women and the criminal justice system

Abstract: In this article we explore the contradictory implications of special courses on women and the criminal justice system for integrating gender issues into the criminal justice curriculum. First, we explore the consequences of the exclusion of women from the general criminal justice curriculum. Second, we describe the development of special courses on women and criminal justice, and evaluate their strengths. Third, we discuss the disadvantages of courses on women and criminal justice, particularly the ways such courses may increase the marginalization of gender issues in criminal justice. Finally, we suggest strategies for integrating gender issues into the broader criminal justice curriculum.

Redefining Women's Work During Pregnancy: Toward a More Comprehensive Approach

Abstract: The potential effects of work and activity on the processes and outcomes of pregnancy should be assessed when a woman's care plan is developed. Perinatal caregivers are limited by a narrow definition of work that encompasses only employment. This commentary expands the description of women's work during pregnancy, and proposes the addition of some activities not currently considered in most prenatal assessments, including home care responsibilities, the maintenance and development of intimate relationships, and the tasks identified with becoming a mother. All this has implications for research, clinical practice, and public and health policy.

Informalisation of women's work: consequence for fertility and child schooling in urban Pakistan.

Abstract: The preliminary analysis of data from the 1990-91 Pakistan Household Survey (PIHS) for urban areas yields a profile of working urban women by educational level sector of the economy and childs educational activities. Between 1971 and 1988 labor force participation rates (LFPR) for women ranged between 3% and 5%. The hiring of women in temporary positions allows for lower costs less benefits and freedom from restrictive legislation. The PIHS data on 4711 households and 2513 urban ever married women aged 15-49 years indicates a LFPR for women of 17%. Under 20% work in the formal sector. Most work in their homes as unpaid family workers or home-based income earning producers. Many official statistics exclude these women. Informal sector workers in the PIHS data such as low status domestic workers receive average wages of 609 rupees monthly compared to home-based workers wages of 240 rupees. Formal sector female workers have completed an average of 11.4 years of schooling while informal workers have received only 6.5 years. 77% of informal workers have had no formal education compared to 62% of at home mothers and 28% of formal sector workers. Many employed women are single household heads or with an unemployed spouse. Formal sector working women marry 3.4 years later than informal sector women and 2.6 years later than nonworking women. Nonworking women have the lowest contraceptive use followed by informal sector women. Most women regardless of work status desire four children but achieved fertility was lower among professional and white collar workers. Informal sector women had higher fertility than nonworking women. Preliminary multivariate analyses supported this pattern of work status related fertility. The chances of children attending school was higher among formal sector workers. Girls with nonworking mothers had better chances of gaining an education.

Technological Change and Women's Work Experience: Alternative Methodological Perspectives

Abstract: Preface and Acknowledgments Introduction Alternative Methodological Perspectives The Nature of Technological Change--Alternative Views Labor Market Analysis Technology, Industrial Structure, and Women's Labor Market Status An Integrative Paradigm New Evidence on the Relationship between Technology and Occupational Sex Segregation Summary and Conclusions Appendix Bibliography Index

Women's work status and their time use pattern in rural households of Haryana

Abstract: The work pattern of rural women revolves around a variety of jobs in the home, farm and livestock management. The National perspective Plan (1988) rightly pooints out, ‘For the majority of the women in the country, there is more work than wages, more load titan capacity and more compulsion than choice.’Studies on time utilization pattern (work load) of men and women in rural households in India, though few, indicate that rural women work longer hours than men. A 14–16 h working day is common in certain areas even among pregnant women. Review of the literature however, reveals major gaps in information especially pertaining to work status of rural women and how the time use pattern (workload) varies with their work status and/or agricultural season. The present study was therefore, an attempt in this direction. More specifically, the objectives of the study were: (a) to study time allocation pattern of rural women in work, rest, leisure and sleep and (b) to study the time utilization pattern in various categories of work according to women's work status and agricultural season.