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Showing papers on "Women's work published in 2018"


Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2018
TL;DR: The authors found that the perceived social cost of women's work falls on men and that husbands' opposition to female labor is associated with their wives' lower take-up of employment in rural India.
Abstract: Female labor force participation varies significantly even among countries with similar levels of economic development. Recent studies have shown that gender norms can help explain these differences in women's work, but the channels through which norms impact women's employment decisions are not well understood. We present novel data on spouses' preferences and perceptions of community attitudes about female labor in rural India and document associations with female work. We find that the perceived social cost of women's work falls on men and that husbands' opposition to female labor is associated with their wives' lower take-up of employment.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of collective agreements in institutionalising and legitimizing the undervaluation of women's work is analyzed, and the impact of collective agreement on women's empowerment is discussed.
Abstract: This article analyses the role of collective agreements in institutionalising and legitimising the undervaluation of work conducted by women. The undervaluation of women’s work has been identified ...

32 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Deane as mentioned in this paper used a multidisciplinary survey of nutrition conducted in interwar Nyasaland to derive a single monetary estimate of production, which was essentially an exercise in reductionism and bounding; Deane also proved unwilling to exclude too much.
Abstract: Concerns about women’s work were present at the advent of the modern method of national income accounting, and they have featured prominently in the most radical critiques of this method. During and after the Second World War, Phyllis Deane, a young researcher working under the supervision of Richard Stone, Austin Robinson and Arthur Lewis, grappled with the conceptual difficulties involved in measuring the ‘national’ incomes of mostly rural subsistence colonies in British central Africa. In constructing her estimates, Deane relied heavily on a multidisciplinary survey of nutrition conducted in interwar Nyasaland. Deane’s work was essentially an exercise in reductionism and bounding; she sought to extract from these data a single monetary estimate of production. Yet Deane also proved unwilling to exclude too much. She broke with her advisors’ favoured convention that activities not involved in market exchange should be excluded from the national income. Successive national income accountants aroun...

30 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that women who engage in market work have higher agency in the three domains of economic decision-making, freedom of movement, and equitable gender role attitudes compared to those who engaged in subsistence work and those who do not work.
Abstract: Whether work is performed for household members’ consumption (subsistence work) or for sale to others (market work), it may be an enabling resource for women’s agency, or their capacity to define and act upon their goals. The present paper asks: Do women who engage in market work have higher agency in the three domains of economic decision-making, freedom of movement, and equitable gender role attitudes, compared to those who engage in subsistence work and those who do not work? To address this question, we leverage data from a probability sample of ever-married women in rural Minya, Egypt (N = 600). We use structural equation models with propensity score adjustment to estimate the relationship between women’s work and three domains of their agency. We find no effect on gender attitudes or decision making. However, women’s subsistence and market work are associated with increasingly higher factor means for freedom of movement, compared to not working. We conclude that in rural Minya, the relationship between women’s work and their agency depends on the type of work they perform and the dimension of agency under consideration, with the rewards of market work exceeding those of subsistence work in the domain of freedom of movement alone.

24 citations


DOI
01 Mar 2018
TL;DR: Hester explores the integrated crisis of work, home, and community, exploring the feminisation of care in reproductive labour, paid and unpaid, as we enter the era of the care economy as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Who cares? Helen Hester explores the integrated crisis of work, home, and community, exploring the feminisation of care in reproductive labour, paid and unpaid, as we enter the era of the care economy.

18 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Smyth et al. as mentioned in this paper found that women's involvement in farm and ranch tasks is associated with their gender selfperception, with more involvement being associated with a more masculine self-perception.
Abstract: Women have long been involved in agricultural production, yet farming and ranching have been associated with masculinity and men. In recent years women have become more involved and more likely to take active and equal roles on farms and ranches and thus increasingly are doing tasks that have been associated with masculinity. Prior work indicates that women are perceived by others as more masculine when they do these tasks, but less work has focused on the association between women’s involvement in farming and women’s own perceptions of their gender (i.e., how masculine or feminine they feel). Using 2006 survey data from a random sample of women in livestock and grain operations in Washington State, we find that women’s involvement in farm and ranch tasks is associated with their gender selfperception, with more involvement being associated with a more masculine self-perception. Women who view their primary role as independent agricultural producers or full partners also perceive themselves as more masculine than women who view their primary role as homemaker. We discuss the implications of these findings for women’s experiences in agriculture. digitalcommons.unl.edu Smyth, Swendener , & Kazyak in Rural So c iolo gy (2018) 2

17 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2018-Ethnos
TL;DR: This paper explored several modes of employment for women, such as money-changing, journalism, and politics as they relate to local concepts of encadrement (supervision) and debrouillardisme (resourcefulness).
Abstract: Women in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo are increasingly entering new professions partly due to an increase in higher education levels. In so doing, and as they become more visible in political and economic spheres, women are subjected to new forms of moral suspicion. While women have historically maintained a strong presence in the informal sector, such as commerce, new urban modes of employment dictate new kinds of visibility. It is within this context that notions of femininity and female virtue in Kinshasa continue to be redefined. This article explores several modes of employment for women, such as money-changing, journalism, and politics as they relate to local concepts of encadrement (supervision) and debrouillardisme (resourcefulness). Further, it also examines the threat that a woman's social network outside of her kin poses to men, as well as how women's participation in the economic sphere can motivate distrust between the genders.

16 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the role of gender within new teacher movements and examined the disconnects between the seemingly rhetorical hesitations in explicitly evoking gender as constitutive force within critique and movement-building and the way the communities operated using feminist principles.
Abstract: Abstract:The past decade has witnessed a sharp rise in domestic organized labor movements within the field of education. At the PK-12 level, new teacher movements, as they are called, have emerged in part as a response to the punitive policies that began formally with No Child Left Behind accountability structures and the push for privatization. Working both within and outside of traditional union structures, educational workers and activists have organized against austerity policies that limit the possibilities of education to instrumentalist behaviorism. Building on our ethnographic work with activist educators in Philadelphia, this study examines the role of gender within new teacher movements. Using interviews and field notes collected over the past three years, we examine the disconnects we witnessed between the seemingly rhetorical hesitations in explicitly evoking gender as constitutive force within critique and movement-building and the way the communities operated using feminist principles. Grounding this work within intersectional studies, we aim to illuminate how gender implicitly manifests within this community through critiques of patriarchy and why making feminist claims about labor and education might be useful for creating connections across precariously positioned communities.

16 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Women's History Review on 27 March 2018, available online at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2018.145556.
Abstract: This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Women's History Review on 27 March 2018, available online at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2018.145556. Under embargo until 27 September 2019.

14 citations



Journal Article
TL;DR: This article explored social network site interaction through digital and gendered labor and found that women test higher in agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism, and contribute statistically more emotional labor online through liking and commenting.
Abstract: This research explores social network site interaction through digital and gendered labor. Due to enhanced interaction possibilities as well as mining and analytic techniques, all digital interaction is labor, at both the social and institutional level. Responses to a survey ( N = 455) suggest that digital labor varies depending on the most-used social network site. In addition, women test higher in agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism, and contribute statistically more emotional labor online through liking and commenting. Women describe intricate processes of deciding whether they can or should socially interact, often fearing interpersonal conflict or being told they are stupid. Men, on the other hand, view social network sites as places for entertainment and base their emotional labor on some judged entertainment value. As such, this study illuminates how social network sites function as extensions of the home. Instead of being invited to contribute new cultural products, women are frequently led to support only those that already exist, arguably creating data that contain less use value and even more exchange and surplus value than other forms of digital labor.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found significant relationships between day-level uses of personal resources and spillover effects of home-work and work-home interaction on daylevel work engagement.
Abstract: Orientation: Women’s work engagement is affected by how well they balance their work and personal life, and their level of confidence in their capability at work.Research purpose: Determine whether women’s daily psychological availability mediates daily positive work-home interaction and daily positive home-work interaction on daily work engagement.Motivation for the study: Research into negative work–home and home–work interaction is in abundance. Limited studies focus on the positive effects on women’s experiences at work (i.e. work engagement). Little is known about women’s psychological availability and how it affects their work. Furthermore, little research provides us insights into the day-level experiences of women at work.Research approach/design and method: A quantitative, shortitudinal design was used. Data analyses accounted for multilevel structure in the data (within-person vs. between-person differences). Female employees (n = 60) from various industries in Gauteng, completed electronic diaries in the form of a survey for 10 consecutive working days.Main findings: Daily psychological availability mediates between daily positive work-home interaction and daily work engagement. Daily positive home-work interaction did not predict daily work engagement, but had a significant effect on daily psychological availability.Practical/managerial implications: Examining systems and structures that promote opportunities for women to become more psychologically available at work impacts their sustainable retention.Contribution/value-add: This study found significant relationships between day-level uses of personal resources and spillover effects of home-work and work-home on day-level work engagement. The study further contributes to the literature on positive work–home and home–work interaction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In 2006, Cowman and Jackson as discussed by the authors questioned why the non-working-class working woman remains exceptional and under-researched, and pointed out that women of middle-class women and professional women remain exceptional.
Abstract: Writing in 2006, Krista Cowman and Louise Jackson questioned why ‘the non-working-class working woman remains exceptional and under-researched’ (‘Introduction: Middle-class Women and Professional I...

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, a large cross-section of data sets such as the ILOSTAT, NSSO Quinquennial Employment and Unemployment Survey, Labour Bureau Annual Employment and unemployment Survey, National Family Health Survey and CMIE Consumer Pyramid Household Survey were used to comment on the falling female labour force participation rates in India.
Abstract: This paper utilizes a large cross-section of data sets such as the ILOSTAT, NSSO Quinquennial Employment and Unemployment Survey, Labour Bureau Annual Employment and Unemployment Survey, National Family Health Survey and CMIE Consumer Pyramid Household Survey to comment on the falling female labour force participation rates in India. It is found that not only has there been a fall in the female labour force participation rates, but the size of the total female labour force has also shrunk in recent years. Besides presenting a series of demand and supply side factors that might possibly explain this trend, it aims to look at it particularly in conjunction with education and provide a commentary on the same. It is proposed that prevailing social norms and patriarchy hinders the participation of women in the economy despite high levels of education. Bivariate and multivariate analyses is conducted on state level cross-sectional data and it is found that patriarchy is indicative of the large proportion of women out of the labour force at high levels of education. It is concluded that education in the current form alone might not be sufficient to spur growth in female labour force participation rates in India. Government schemes must target the fundamental cultural and social forces that shape patriarchy. These coupled with policies that simultaneously address some of the other demand and supply side constraints will go a long way in bolstering the participation of women in the economy.

Journal ArticleDOI
07 Feb 2018
TL;DR: The authors explored the layers of meaning woven into the intricate and colorful doilies handcrafted by Caribbean women immigrants to Britain in the 1950s and 1960s, revealing the importance of these everyday material objects in Caribbean women's critical practices of self-making in an often hostile racist environment.
Abstract: This article first explores the layers of meaning woven into the intricate and colorful doilies handcrafted by Caribbean women immigrants to Britain in the 1950s and 1960s, revealing the importance of these everyday material objects in Caribbean women’s critical practices of self-making in an often hostile racist environment. The author, the child of this generation of women, then proceeds to re-use these objects in her own critical re-reading and re-memorying practices, revealing the complex intersections and ambiguities of gender, race, class, nation, and empire in the post-war politics of “women’s work” in Britain.


01 Jun 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the linkages between migration and women's work and empowerment in agriculture in Nepal and Senegal, and found that male outmigration from rural, primarily agricultural areas is not linked to a decrease in women's employment, but it is associated with significant changes in women roles in agriculture.
Abstract: Attention to the implications of rural outmigration is growing, but little evidence exists on its association with women in agriculture. Migration affects women’s work and empowerment mainly through the loss of migrants’ labor and through the flow of remittances. The fact that migration may alter women’s intrahousehold decision-making processes has received limited coverage and attention. It is also important to distinguish between the various aspects of empowerment. The complex issue of rural outmigration also has implications for household food security. To address these existing knowledge gaps in a framework that combines gender, migration, and food security, this study exploits a rich, comprehensive survey that collected detailed information on all types of outmigration from rural areas in Nepal and Senegal. The objective of this study is to examine the linkages between migration and women’s work and empowerment in agriculture in Nepal and Senegal. In particular, this analysis seeks to understand: (i) how outmigration influences women’s work in agriculture; (ii) the consequences of male-dominated migration on gender roles and women’s empowerment; and (iii) whether and how outmigration impacts household food security. The study finds that male outmigration from rural, primarily agricultural areas is not linked to a decrease in women’s employment, but it is associated with significant changes in women’s roles in agriculture. The study reveals that male-dominated outmigration may not always be associated with women’s empowerment. The consequences of migration on household food security are country-specific and mediated by the receipt of remittances.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined how existing measures of women's work in sub-Saharan Africa can be used to measure women's performance in the context of Burundian women's empowerment.
Abstract: This research note considers how we measure women’s work in the sub-Saharan African (SSA) context. Drawing on qualitative work conducted in Burundi, the note examines how existing measures of women...

Journal ArticleDOI
17 Dec 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of gender socialization in Malaysian families, especially on daughters regarding their perception towards work inside and outside the home, was examined, and it was also necessary to point out that other agents of socialization such as media, peers and education played its part as well and influenced the respondent's conformity to patriarchal values.
Abstract: This article examines the impact of gender socialization in Malaysian families, especially on daughters regarding their perception towards work inside and outside the home. Hence, this study utilized in-depth interview as part of the qualitative methods to obtain quality data needed. The study establishes, that patriarchy environment, especially one with the classic model of ‘breadwinner father, housewife mother’ creates a pressure on women to bear more household responsibility. Thus, the dominant gender ideologies are entangled with ‘motherhood mandate’ and ‘superior feminine virtue’ that is associated with the reason women left the labour force. It was equally necessary to point out here that other agents of socialization such as media, peers and education played its part as well and influenced the respondent’s conformity to patriarchal values.Keywords: Family conflict, gender, outside the home, socialisation, work inside

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The history of women's silk work in Granada reveals that, through enormous political and cultural change, the economy continued to rely on Muslim women's labor to such an extent that the silk industry could not survive without them as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Abstract:In the late medieval and early modern world, women’s work was universal and vital to local and international economies. Tracing the history of women’s silk work in Granada reveals that, through enormous political and cultural change, the economy continued to rely on Muslim women’s labor to such an extent that the silk industry could not survive without them. To date, scholars have underrepresented Iberia in the literature on women’s work in both European and Islamic historiography. This Iberian context highlights the connections and gaps between Christian and Islamic practice, providing a needed Mediterranean perspective that bridges formerly separate historiographies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined country variation and change over time in mothers' work patterns along the family life course, focusing on the effect of policies and labor market characteristics using ISSP data from 1994 and 2012.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, women's work in fisheries in the Global South is valorized for its role in sustaining small-scale fishing in the face of complex challenges from corporate-backed industrial fishing.
Abstract: Women’s work in fisheries in the Global South is valorized for its role in sustaining small-scale fishing in the face of complex challenges from corporate-backed industrial fishing. This paper exam...


Book ChapterDOI
Alison Lugg1
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: The authors explored how relational work in communities of practice (CoP) can enhance learning and teaching in outdoor education, and argued that outdoor educators and outdoor education practice can benefit from re-envisaging relational work as everybody's concern.
Abstract: This chapter explores how relational work in communities of practice (CoP) can enhance learning and teaching in outdoor education. It challenges a view that interpersonal skills supporting collaborative endeavour are women’s work. I draw on the notions of relational agency, relational expertize, and communities of practice to expand understanding of affective and collaborative pedagogy in outdoor education. These lenses are used to revisit a study investigating sense of competence conducted at a university in Australia. I suggest that outdoor educators can generate more productive engagement and expand their repertoires of practice by valuing differing participant values or standpoints in education and community contexts. I contend that outdoor educators and outdoor education practice can benefit from re-envisaging relational work as everybody’s concern, not just women’s work.


31 Oct 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of ACRONYMS and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, which are used to describe the relationship between different types of knowledge.
Abstract: ............................................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... iii ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................... v

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed women's active participation in re-upcycling habits to maintain the ecologically challenging world today, which can enable women to sustain their own social and ecological well-being.
Abstract: Recyclable issues do not receive sufficient attention, which thus see low awareness among Malaysians. This paper1 proposes women’s active participation in re-upcycling habits to maintain the ecologically challenging world today. Empowering women-at-home in this way enable them to sustain their own social and ecological well-being. Women can be active participants in community development activities. Even though they may be disinterested to work outside home, their involvement in their community should be encouraged. Embeddedness theory (ET) advocates empowerment of women through re-upcycling actions are to be initiated from home. With the support from community, in turn, these actions can be an economic resources for their households. Malaysian women are most affected by employment opportunities, supports and reassurances from various sectors, such as the government, nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) and most importantly, the men in their lives. Depriving them from this socio-economic foundation will further impact the unemployment rate for Malaysia. On the other hand, if strategic planning is implemented by utilising the abundance number of unemployed women-at-home, the socio-economic conditions of the nation can also be improved. Indeed, this paper motivates discussions on the employment policy whereby re-upcycling activities may pave ways for women-at-home to get involved in employment, without leaving their homes.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the economic dimensions of Charlotte Bronte's Shirley (1849) through an approach inspired by feminist economics are analyzed, highlighting women's contributions to both the economy and economic writing.
Abstract: This article analyses the economic dimensions of Charlotte Bronte’s Shirley (1849) through an approach inspired by feminist economics. In addition to addressing how Charlotte Bronte explores the connections between the economy, marriage and love, the feminist economic interpretation reveals her ambivalent attitude towards the sexual division of labour and women’s domestic work. Besides shedding light on hitherto overlooked economic aspects of Shirley, this article argues that numerous economic analyses of literature are unwittingly premised on an androcentric conception of the economy which obscures women’s contributions to both the economy and economic writing. The article promotes the implementation of feminist economics for the study of literature as a means of arriving at more accurate and gender balanced economic readings of texts.