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Xylanase
About: Xylanase is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 7099 publications have been published within this topic receiving 163793 citations.
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TL;DR: Two additional xylanase genes, XYL2 and XYL3, have now been cloned from C. carbonum and a triple mutant is still fully pathogenic on maize with regard to lesion size, morphology, and rate of lesion development.
Abstract: In culture, the filamentous fungus Cochliobolus carbonum, a pathogen of maize, makes three cationic xylanases, XYL1, which encodes the major endoxylanase (Xyl1), was earlier cloned and shown by gene disruption to encode the first and second peaks of xylanase activity (P. C. Apel, D. G. Panaccione, F. R. Holden, and J. D. Walton, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 6:467-473, 1993). Two additional xylanase genes, XYL2 and XYL3, have now been cloned from C. carbonum. XYL2 and XYL3 are predicted to encode 22-kDa family G xylanases similar to Xyl1. Xyl2 and Xyl3 are 60% and 42% identical, respectively, to Xyl1, and Xyl2 and Xyl3 are 39% identical. XYL1 and XYL2 but not XYL3 mRNAs are present in C. carbonum grown in culture, and XYL1 and XYL3 but not XYL2 mRNAs are present in infected plants. Transformation-mediated gene disruption was used to construct strains mutated in XYL1, XYL2, and XYL3. Xyl1 accounts for most of the total xylanase activity in culture, and disruption of XYL2 or XYL3 does not result in the further loss of any xylanase activity. In particular, the third peak of cationic xylanase activity is still present in a xyl1 xyl2 xyl3 triple mutant, and therefore this xylanase must be encoded by yet a fourth xylanase gene. A minor protein of 22 kDa that can be detected immunologically in the xyl1 mutant disappears in the xyl2 mutant and is therefore proposed to be the product of XYL2. The single xylanase mutants were crossed with each other to obtain multiple xylanase disruptions within the same strain. Strains disrupted in combinations of two and in all three xylanases were obtained. The triple mutant grows at the same rate as the wild type on xylan and on maize cell walls. The triple mutant is still fully pathogenic on maize with regard to lesion size, morphology, and rate of lesion development.
106 citations
TL;DR: New insights are provided into the role of accessory enzymes, which can further provide a useful reference for the rational customization of cellulase cocktails in order to realize an efficient conversion of natural lignocellulosic substrates.
106 citations
TL;DR: Treating kraft pulps with the crude xylanase from Streptomyces roseiscleroticus followed by alkali extraction reduces the kappa number in a linear manner with enzyme doses up to about 3 IU/gm of oven-dry pulp.
Abstract: Treating kraft pulps with the crude xylanase from Streptomyces roseiscleroticus followed by alkali extraction reduces the kappa number in a linear manner with enzyme doses up to about 3 IU/gm of oven-dry pulp. The enzyme complex consists of four isoenzymes designated Xyl1, Xyl2, Xyl3 and Xyl4. Each can release chromophores when used alone and each can facilitate alkali extraction to reduce the kappa number, but their relative abilities are different. Of the four isozymes, Xyl4 releases the least color and 237-nm-absorbing material whereas Xyl3 releases the most. Xyl4 best enhances the ability of alkali to reduce the kappa number. The UV absorption spectrum of the material released by alkali extraction differs significantly from the spectral characteristics of that released during enzyme treatment. The alkali-solubilized material has a maximum absorptivity at 265 nm and relatively little absorptivity at 237 nm. The material released during enzyme treatment absorbs strongly at 205 and 237 nm. UV/VIS spectroscopy of the enzyme- or alkali-released material does not show a characteristics lignin peak at 280 nm, nor does it reveal any notable peaks in the visible region. Analysis of the material released by enzyme treatment revealed more than 40 product peaks after fractionation by reversed-phase HPLC. We observed many products with strong UV absorption. These were relatively hydrophilic. Fewer products absorbed in the visible region. These were more hydrophobic. All four isoenzymes exhibit endo-action patterns; none forms xylose from oat-spelt xylan. The action patterns fell into two groups: endo-1 enzymes (Xyl1 and Xyl3) formed xylotriose (X3) and other lower oligosaccharides as the predominant products; endo-2 enzymes (Xyl2 and Xyl4) formed roughly equimolar amounts of X3, xylotetraose (X4), and xylopentaose (X5), and tended to leave larger amounts of undigested higher oligosaccharides.
106 citations
TL;DR: Immunological experiments indicated that xylanase A and xylan enzyme N were entirely different protein molecules, and both enzymes split xylan and yielded xylobiose and higher oligosaccharides but could hydrolyze neither xylanobiose nor xylotriose.
Abstract: One alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain C-125 (FERM No. 7344) was isolated from soil. From this organism, two types of xylanases, designated xylanase A and xylanase N, were purified by an ammonium sul...
106 citations
TL;DR: It is found that the prebleaching effect in black spruce pulp was associated with a marked drop in xylan degree of polymerization (DP) in the pulp, consistent with the hypothesis that the prior bleaching effect results primarily from depolymerization, but not necessarily solubilization, of xylan-derived hemicelluloses.
106 citations