Showing papers on "Xylopia aethiopica published in 2008"

Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity of Alstonia congensis Engler (Apocynaceae) bark and Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich (Annonaceae) fruits mixtures used in the treatment of diabetes

Abstract: The present study was carried out to evaluate acute and subacute toxicity of a hydroalcoholic extract of a mixture (1:1) of A. congensis bark and X. aethiopica fruits used locally in the treatment of diabetes. Acute toxicity of the extract was evaluated in Swiss albino mice. The animals were fed with the hydroalcoholic extract between the doses of 1.0 to 20.0 g/kg body weight and were observed continuously for the first 4 h and for every hour for the next 24 h, then 6 hourly for 48 h. Wistar rats were also fed with different doses of the extract for 30 days and effects on biochemical parameters evaluated (subacute toxicity model). The LD50 of the extract was found to be above 20.0 g/Kg body weight. There was reduction in the plasma glucose and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels, and increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level in the treated animals. A significant increase in the body weight was observed for groups treated with lower doses of the extract while groups treat with higher doses showed no significant weight increase. Aspartate aminotransferases (AST) and alanine aminotransferases (ALT) levels were not affected at lower doses of the extract but there was increase in creatinine levels in all the treated animals. The extract demonstrated good hypoglycaemic effects by lowering the plasma sugar level and also had some beneficial and reduction effects on cardiovascular risk factors. There was no evidence of drug-induced symptoms or death at all the doses of the extract administered in acute study but subacute results revealed a tendency to cause kidney problems on a long-term use.

Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of xylopia aethiopica

Abstract: Xylopia aethiopica is a medicinal plant of great repute in West Africa which produces a variety of complex chemical compounds. The fresh and dried fruits, leaf, stem bark and root bark essential oils showed various degrees of activity against the Gram positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, the Gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans, using the cup plate method,. However, none of the oils showed activity against Escherichia coli.

In vitro antisickling effects of Xylopia aethiopica and Monodora myristica

Abstract: The antisickling effects of two indigenous spices Xylopia aethiopica andMonodora myristica were investigated. Two hundred grams (200g) of each powdered sample was divided into two equal parts. One part was used for crude aqueous extraction (CAE) and the other, for Batch process extraction, with chloroform, methanol, butanol, and water to yield; the fat-soluble (FAS), butanol-soluble (BUS) and water-soluble extracts (WAS) respectively. The FAS, BUS, CAE and WAS fractions exhibited profound antisickling effectiveness by inhibiting HbSS polymerization to varying degrees from 70% for FAS to 90% for CAEs in fifteen (15) min. The CAE and WAS fractions were equally able to improve Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio for CAEs and 13 - 100% for WAS fractions respectively. These fractions also reversed already sickled erythrocytes, with the WAS fractions having less time than the CAE fractions. Thin layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis showed that the extracts generally contain some antisickling amino acids such as Arg. Tyr and Asp at varying concentrations. The total free amino acid concentrations of the samples revealed high concentrations of such, with the CAE fractions of X. aethiopica and M. myristica having concentrations of 1028 and 1680mg/100g of samples respectively. Results suggest that these spices when used in combination with other nutritious regimen like fruits, fish and legumes, may be a promising option for the effective management of sickle cell disease and a gamut of its pathophysiological complications. Key words: Xylopia aethiopica, Monodora myristica, sickle cell disease, Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio polymerization.

Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity of Alstonia congensis Engler (Apocynaceae) bark and Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich (Annonaceae) fruits mixtures used in the treatment of diabetes

Abstract: The present study was carried out to evaluate acute and subacute toxicity of a hydroalcoholic extract of a mixture (1:1) of A. congensis bark and X. aethiopicafruits used locally in the treatment of diabetes. Acute toxicity of the extract was evaluated in Swiss albino mice. The animals were fed with the hydroalcoholic extract between the doses of 1.0 to 20.0 g/kg body weight and were observed continuously for the first 4 h and for every hour for the next 24 h, then 6 hourly for 48 h. Wistar rats were also fed with different doses of the extract for 30 days and effects on biochemical parameters evaluated (subacute toxicity model). The LD50of the extract was found to be above 20.0 g/Kg body weight. There was reduction in the plasma glucose and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels, and increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level in the treated animals. A significant increase in the body weight was observed for groups treated with lower doses of the extract while groups treat with higher doses showed no significant weight increase. Aspartate aminotransferases (AST) and alanine aminotransferases (ALT) levels were not affected at lower doses of the extract but there was increase in creatinine levels in all the treated animals. The extract demonstrated good hypoglycaemic effects by lowering the plasma sugar level and also had some beneficial and reduction effects on cardiovascular risk factors. There was no evidence of drug-induced symptoms or death at all the doses of the extract administered in acute study but subacute results revealed a tendency to cause kidney problems on a long-term use. Key words: Acute, subacute, toxicity, Alstonia congensis and Xylopia aethiopica,diabetes.

Integrating varietal resistance with Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Richard seed extract for the management of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky in stored maize

Abstract: In search for alternatives to synthetic pesticides in maize (Zea mays, L.) storage, an integrated weevil management scheme involving varietal resistance and Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Richard seed extract was evaluated in the laboratory. Varying rates of X. aethiopica extract were assessed on three maize varieties (Pajo White, Tsolo Yellow, and DMR-LSR-Y) with differing susceptibility to Sitophilus zeamais. The different rates of X. aethiopica extract significantly interacted with maize varietal resistance and reduced fecundity of S. zeamais and maize seed weight loss due to insect’s feeding. Treatment of seeds with extract at 1.0 ml/20 g seed caused significant (above 50%) mortality at 24 h post treatment in all varieties whereas no mortality was recorded with the control and 0.2 ml/20 g seed. DMRLSR-Y was better protected than the remaining two varieties in the integrated weevil management scheme. A repellency bioassay of the extract also revealed that the extract was strongly repellent to S. zeamais with 73% (Class IV) repellency recorded in 0.4 ml/30 cm2.

Chemical Composition and In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Xylopia aethiopica (Dun) A. Rich. (Annonaceae) Fruit Essential Oil from Togo

Abstract: Essential oil extracted (4.4% in yield) from air-dried fruits of Xylopia aethiopica harvested in Togo was investigated for percentage composition and in vitro cytotoxicity. The chemical composition of the essential oil was examined by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-five compounds were identified representing 89.9% of total oil. The major constituents were β-pinene (23.6%), α-pinene (11%), sabinene (9.8%), germacrene D (8.3%) and 1,8 cineole (8.2%). The cytotoxicity of the volatile oil was evaluated in vitro on the human epidermal cell line HaCaT. The tested sample did not show any cytotoxicity (IC50 >3000 μg.ml-1) effect at concentrations around 3000 μg.ml-1. Further testing in bioassay would probably help in validating some of medicinal uses of X. aethiopica in topical drugs and/or in cosmetics as natural products.

Acute toxicity and repellency of different mixtures of Tithonia diversifolia and Xylopia aethiopica against Nasutitermes species

Abstract: Toxicity and repellency properties of different mixtures of Xylopia aethiopica and Tithonia diversifolia against Nasutitermes were assayed by taking three combinations (100% X. aethiopica (T1), 50% X. aethiopica + 50% T. diversifolia (T2) and 100% T. diversifolia (T3) and control (T0). After 24 hour fermentation of plant materials, T3 consistently caused significantly lowest percentage mortality at 1–24 hour after treatment (HAT). T1 was not significantly different from T2 in mortatiy at 1, 6 and 24 HAT which ranged from 11.07–45.53%. T1 caused the highest percentage repellency (66.67).

Efficacy of extracts of some aromatic medicinal plants on cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus in storage

Abstract: The aqueous and the ethanoic extracts of four aromatic medicinal plants, Eugenia caryophyllus (Sprengel) Bullock et Harrison, Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lamarck) Oken, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt and Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich were tested for their protectant abilities on cowpea seeds and their toxicity on cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). At the doses of 1 ml, 2 ml and 5 ml of the extracts per 25 g of cowpea seeds, the aqueous extracts of the plants could not effectively control the weevils. At higher doses of 5 ml the aqueous plant extracts could induced insect mortality as follow: 71.21 ± 0.25% by E. caryophyllus, 81.42 ± 0.25% by B. pinnatum, 80.00 ± 0.23% by E. camaldulensis and 100.00 ± 0.00% by X. aethiopica. The ethanoic extracts of E. caryophyllus caused 80.28 ± 0.11%, 100.00 ± 0.00% and 100.00 ± 0.00% insect mortality at 1 ml, 2 ml and 5 ml doses respectively within 7 days. Likewise, the ethanoic extracts of B. pinnatum caused insect mortality of 42.36 ± 0.30%, 100.00 ± 0.00% and 100.00 ± 0.00% within 7 days while E. camaldulensis gave 53.70 ± 0.24%, 74.27 ± 0.22% and 100.00 ± 0.00% and X. aethiopica gave 80.10 ± 0.50%, 100.00 ± 0.00% and 100.00 ± 0.00% insect mortality. The seed losses in 4 weeks observed from the aqueous extract treated seeds ranged from 2.50 ± 0.13 by E. caryophyllus to 32.50 ± 0.50 by X. aethiopica. The seeds treated with ethanoic extracts of E. caryophyllus gave no seed loss at all doses used while the highest doses of 5 ml also gave no seed losses by B. pinnatum and E. camaldulensis. The seed loss recorded at lower doses ranged from 0.63 ± 0.02% by B. pinnatum to 12.63 ± 0.10% by E. camaldulensis.