Showing papers on "Xylopia aethiopica published in 2011"
TL;DR: The overall results of the present study provide supportive data on the use of some Cameroonian plants for cancer treatment and indicate that the anti-angiogenic properties of the most active extracts were able to inhibit angiogenesis by more than 50% in quail embryo.
143 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that XAFE could be a potential therapeutic agent against cancer since it inhibits cell proliferation, and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in C‐33A cells.
Abstract: The anticancer potential of Xylopia aethiopica fruit extract (XAFE), and the mechanism of cell death it elicits, was investigated in various cell lines. Treatment with XAFE led to a dose-dependent growth inhibition in most cell lines, with selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cells and particularly the human cervical cancer cell line C-33A. In this study, apoptosis was confirmed by nuclear fragmentation and sub-G(0)/G(1) phase accumulation. The cell cycle was arrested at the G(2)/M phase with a decreased G(0)/G(1) population. A semi-quantitative gene expression study revealed dose-dependent up-regulation of p53 and p21 genes, and an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. These results indicate that XAFE could be a potential therapeutic agent against cancer since it inhibits cell proliferation, and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in C-33A cells.
68 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that XA and VC could increase the antioxidant defence systems in the liver and kidney of irradiated animals, and may protect from adverse effects of whole body radiation.
42 citations
TL;DR: This study has shown that intake of X. aethiopica reduced the composition of lipids and produced a favorable lipid profile in the serum and PMF of visceral organs in experimental hypercholesterolemia.
Abstract: A short-term study was carried out on Wistar strain rats to determine the effects of Xylopia aethiopica extract on serum and postmitochondrial fractions (PMFs) of visceral organs in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Animals received normal diet and were administered cholesterol orally by intubations at a dose of 40 mg/kg/0.3 mL, plant extracts at 250 mg/kg, and cholestyramine (Questran®, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hounslow, United Kingdom) at 0.26 g/kg five times a week for 8 consecutive weeks. Thereafter the hypolipidemic effects were assessed by measuring total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides, whereas the extent of oxidative stress was assayed by measuring thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances and enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) in serum and PMF of liver and kidney. We assayed two liver biomarkers—alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase—for...
41 citations
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: The bioactivity of hexane extract from the nuts of Anacardium occidentale (Linnaeus), ethanol extracts from the bark of Myrianthus arboreus (P. Beauv) and fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) were studied against the larvae, pupae and adults of Anopheles gambiae (Giles).
Abstract: The bioactivity of hexane extract from the nuts of Anacardium occidentale (Linnaeus), ethanol extracts from the bark of Myrianthus arboreus (P. Beauv) and fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal), were studied at five concentration levels (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5%) against the larvae, pupae and adults of Anopheles gambiae (Giles). Results indicated that X. aethiopica caused significantly (P < 0.05) higher mortality of larvae, pupae and adult mosquitoes than other plant extracts tested. It caused 100%, 57.50% and 92.50% larva, pupa and adult mortality, respectively at 0.5% concentration. Also, based on the lethal concentration average (LC50) results, X. aethiopica was the most effective, with LC50 values of 0.23, 0.40 and 0.29 µg/ml on the larvae, pupae and adults An. gambiae, respectively, followed by A. occidentale (LC50 0.28, 0.45 and 0.34 µg/ml), then M. arboreus (LC50 0.32, 0.64 and 0.36 µg/ml). The results of our findings were discussed in line with use of biorationals as an affordable, readily accessible, and environmentally friendly alternative means of reducing malaria disease in Nigeria, by controlling An. gambiae mosquito, a major vector of malaria pathogen.
35 citations
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: Increase in body weight as well as weight of testis and epididymis and a significant increase in caudal sperm count was noticed and androgenic activity of the extract and its effects on hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis are revealed.
Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of 70% alcoholic extract of Xylopia aethiopica on reproductive function of adult male rats. Ethanolic fruits extract of X. aethiopica was administered orally to groups of male Sprague Dawley rats at the doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg for 60 days. The reproductive organ weights, change on animal body weight, caudal epididymal sperm count, motility and viability, histology of testes and androgenic hormones levels were evaluated. Increase in body weight as well as weight of testis and epididymis and a significant increase in caudal sperm count was noticed. Transverse sections of testis exhibited spermatogenesis. The extract treatment also showed significant increase in serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels. The studies clearly reveal androgenic activity of the extract and its effects on hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis. Key words: Androgenic, Reproduction, Spermatogenesis, Xylopia aethiopica 1. INTRODUCTION In Africa especially south of the Sahara, the use of plants and its extract for the treatment and management of diseases has been in existence since ancient times. Factors such as poverty and illiteracy still militate against availability and accessibility of conventional medical services. A larger number of these tropical plants and their extract have shown beneficial therapeutic effects including fertility enhancing and contraceptive compounds, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-microbial and aphrodisiac [1]. Among the promising medicinal plants,
30 citations
DOI•
31 Jul 2011
TL;DR: This study has shown that these spices have high nutritional content and low anti-nutritional content.
Abstract: Quantitative determination of chemical and anti-nutrient content of six spices commonly consumed in the South East of Nigeria was carried out using standard methods. Results reveal that the chemical and anti-nutritional composition of these edible Nigerian spices, Gongronema latifolium, Piper guineense, Xylopia aethiopica , Monodora myristica, Allium sativum and Tetrapleura tetrapetra are rich in protein, fat, fiber, and carbohydrate in the range of 1.17 to 11.90%, 1.06 to 14.66%, 0.33 to 38.60% and 13.18 to 76.16% respectively. The mineral and vitamin content is equally high: Ca2+ 122 to 279 mg/100 g, Na+ 19.34 to 60 mg/100 g, K+ 99.1 to 620 mg/100 g,P 96 to 723.8 mg/100 g, Mg2+ 0.065 – 82 mg/100 g. Vitamin A content ranged between 7.09 to 21.29 u/100 g, while vitamin C and E between 2740 to 88600 u/100 g and 1.64 to 16.4 u/100 g respectively. Antinutrients present include alkaloids 1.22 to 9.40%, flavonoids 0.038 to 0.36%, saponins 0.14 to 1.70%, Steroid 3 × 10-5 to 1.62%, HCN 5 ×10-4 -2.04%, Tannin 0.06 to 6.10%, anthocyanins 0.16 to 0.21%. In conclusion, this study has shown that these spices have high nutritional content and low anti-nutritional content. The possible nutritional implications of these findings are discussed.
Key words: Herbs, relative humidity, cultural practice, curative, phytomedicine.
29 citations
TL;DR: The aqueous extracts can be used as an alternative therapy to the use of antibiotics as the zones of inhibition exhibited by the test strains to both were comparable.
Abstract: The aqueous and ethanol extracts of four spices ( Monodora myristica, Piper guineense, Xylopia aethiopica, Tetrapleura tetraptera ) were prepared and the antibacterial properties assessed using the agar diffusion method. The test organisms were Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella pnemonium, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus sp. and Enterococcus faecalis. The susceptibility of the test bacteria strains to various antibiotics was performed. The aqueous extracts had antimicrobial activities on all test organisms used (MIC values of 30-60mg/ml and a range of inhibition, 10-25mm). The ethanol extracts were less sensitive (3.3-26mg/ml on E. feacalis). The phytochemical screening of the potent extracts revealed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoid and glycosides. The test organisms showed susceptibility to majority of the antibiotics used ranging from an average of 10mm-37mm. The aqueous extracts can be used as an alternative therapy to the use of antibiotics as the zones of inhibition exhibited by the test strains to both were comparable.
24 citations
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: The present findings may be responsible for the usefulness of X. aethiopica fruit in the local setting as an immune booster and postpartum tonic.
Abstract: Xylopia aethiopica (African guinea pepper) is used mainly as spices, as postpartum tonic and to induce placental discharge postpartum by traditional birth attendants (TBA).In spite of its frequent and regular use, no attempt has been made to scientifically examine the effects of the spice on haematological and biochemical parameters. The present study was thus undertaken to fill this gap in knowledge in our effort to establish the effect of local spice and medications on these parameters. The extract of Xylopia aethiopica was administered (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg p.o) to different groups of male rats for sixty days. Blood samples were collected 24 hours after the last treatment by cardiac puncture into EDTA tubes for haematology parameters and into plain tubes for the enzyme and other biochemical assays. Oral administration of the extract produces significant (p<0.001) augmentation of Hb, total white blood cells and neutrophil in a dose dependent fashion. It however did not affect RBC, and HCT. The extract also cause a significant increase in serum total protein, Albumin, Globulin, HDL and total Cholesterol levels as well as indirect and total bilirubin dose dependently while decreasing serum ALT. It did not however have a significant effect on Renal function test (urea and creatinine). The present findings may be responsible for the usefulness of X. aethiopica fruit in the our local setting as an immune booster and postpartum tonic
15 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the aromatic vegetable secretions obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves and fruit of Xylopia aethiopica and Annona senegalensis were studied by GC / MS.
Abstract: The aromatic vegetable secretions obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves and fruit of Xylopia aethiopica and Annona senegalensis were studied by GC / MS. Different chemical compositions marked by significant proportions of some compounds are obtained. The main components of the essential oil of X. aethiopica are: b-pinene (8,5-46,1%), sabinene (9,8-41,8%), 1,8- cineole (5,3-23,8%), a-thujene (5,3-12,6%), a-pinene (5,3%), g-terpinene (6,2%), trans-pinocarveol (6,6-12,2%), cis-sabinol (6,7%), trans-verbenol (5,0%), pinocarvone (5,2%), terpinen-4-ol (9,2-30,8%), myrtenol (9,1-13,7%), myrtenal (7,4-17,1%), a-eudesmol (6,0%), elemol (5,1-11,9%) and velerianol (7,7-10,6%). The essential oil of A. senegalensis contains mostly linalool (7,2-7,3%), (Z)-b-ocimene (6,0%), (E)-b-ocimene (6,6%), germacrene-D (6,5-14,2%), caryophyllene oxide (12,6%), intermedeol (6,5%), b-caryophyllene (5,3-8,8%), palmitic acid (6,6). The majority compounds constitutive of the two varieties of Annonaceae are not identical.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the antioxidant properties of local spices such as Aframomum sceptrum, Xylopia aethiopica, Monodora myristica, and Allium sativum were evaluated using four different extractive solvents (water, ethanol, methanol and heated water).
Abstract: The use of natural antioxidants in the preservation of food is preferred over synthetic compounds. Spices show potential health benefits as they possess antioxidant activity. This study was designed to screen the antioxidant properties of Aframomum sceptrum, Xylopia aethiopica, Monodora myristica and Allium sativum using four different extractive solvents (water, ethanol, methanol and heated water). Phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, reducing power and ascorbate oxidase activity were assayed. Methanolic extract of these spices showed relatively higher amounts of total phenolics than the other extracts. Total antioxidant capacity of the heated water extract of all the spices investigated was significantly higher than the levels obtained for all other extracts. The results further revealed that the reducing powers of spices were directly proportional to concentrations and their ascorbate oxidase activities were comparable. Local spices therefore possess antioxidant properties that can be used by food and pharmaceutical industries as potential sources of natural antioxidants.
Key words: Aframomum sceptrum, Allium sativum, antioxidant capacity, Monodora myristica, phenolic content, Xylopia aethiopica.
TL;DR: Xylopia aethiopica and Piper guineense seeds powders at the rates of 100gm kg -1 respectively were found to having effective potentials in the control of Sitophilus oryzae.
Abstract: Efficacy of Xylopia aethiopica and Piper guineense seeds powders in the control of Sitophilus oryzae was investigated. In the laboratory experiment, the Xylopia aethiopica and Piper guineense seeds powders were applied at rates of 0gm (control), 10gm, 25gm, 50gm, 100gm kg -1 respectively for the control of Sitophilus oryzae. Xylopia aethiopica and Piper guineense seeds powders at the rates of 100gm kg -1 respectively were found to having effective potentials in the control of Sitophilus oryzae. Piper guineense seed powder from the experiments conducted were generally more efficacious as having the potentials in the control of insect pests as seen in tables 1-3 of this study.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Generally better antifungal activities were recorded with ethanol extracts compared to extracts from supernatant of fermented maize slurry, and all the tested spices extract reduced significantly the mycelial growth of C. capsici.
Abstract: Pepper cultivation is severely affected by anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici. Conventional control of the diseases has been by the use of synthetic chemicals which are not readily available to farmers, expensive and environmentally hazardous. However, hazards associated with the use of chemicals have necessitated the search for alternatives particularly in botanicals. Two solvents (ethanol and Omi-ogi (supernatant solution of fermented maize slurry) were used to extract the active ingredients from dried parts of 5 spices (Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogon citratus, Allium sativum, Xylopia aethiopica, Aframomum melegueta) at 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% concentrations respectively. Generally, mycelia growth decreased with increase in each of the spices concentration. Also all the tested spices extract reduced significantly the mycelial growth of C. capsici. The most potent spice extract was O. gratissimum recording a growth of 0.9 mm compared to 4.4 mm at 10%. The same trend was recorded with supernatant of fermented maize extract where extract of O. gratissimum recorded significantly the least mycelial growth. Generally better antifungal activities were recorded with ethanol extracts compared to extracts from supernatant of fermented maize slurry.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The result suggests that the use of xylopia aethiopica fruits by human males may have both dose and time dependent adverse effects on the reproductive hormones, and therefore on their reproductive capacity.
Abstract: The effect of aqueous fruit extract of xylopia aethiopica on reproductive hormones in male guinea pigs was investigated using 60 mature male guinea pigs which were randomly divided into 5 groups of 12 animals each. Daily oral doses of 2.5mg/kg, 5mg/kg, 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg of extract were administered to each of the animals in the four treatment groups respectively, while the control group received equal volume of distilled water only. Blood from 6 animals in each group were analysed for leuteinising hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Testosterone on the 8th and 15th days of the experiment by classical ELISA method, using Human kits. The result shows a dose dependent significant (p<0.05) decrease in the plasma levels of LH, FSH and Testosterone for both the 7 days and 14 days treatment groups respectively. Also, a time dependent significant (p<0.05) decrease was observed for both LH and FSH at all treatment doses. This suggests that the use of xylopia aethiopica fruits by human males may have both dose and time dependent adverse effects on the reproductive hormones, and therefore on their reproductive capacity.
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: Out of the four plants extract A. indica has the best insecticidal properties, this was followed by P. guinensee, T. tetraptera and X. aethiopica in a descending order of efficacy.
Abstract: The biological activity of Azardiractita indica (neem leaves), Tetrapleura tetraptera (seeds), Piper guinensee (alligator pepper seeds) and Xylopia aethiopica (black pepper seeds) extr acts surface treatment applied at two different concentrations to dri ed cassava chips (Esculenta manihot ) again st Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) to determine infestation rate via mortality and emergence of the pest and weight loss in the dried cassava chips were conducted. The Bio assay was conducted under temperature and relative humidity of 27±2 and 65±5%, respectively within an investigation period of 28 days. Out of the four plants extract A. indica has the best insecticidal properties, this was followed by P. guinensee, T. tetraptera and X. aethiopica in a descending order of efficacy.
TL;DR: The phytochemical analy- sis of the plants showed that they contain Alkaloids, Tannins, Saponins, flavonoids, Glycosides and chalcones, and E. coli was resistant to all the extracts but growth of all the organisms was inhibited when the extracts were applied in combination.
Abstract: Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Xylopia aethiopica an Anacarduim occidentale obtained from Abraka main market, Delta State were analysed for their activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The phytochemical analy- sis of the plants showed that they contain Alkaloids, Tannins, Saponins, flavonoids, Glycosides and chalcones. The antibiotics sensitivity pattern of S.aureus revealed resistance against Aug- mentin, Amoxycillin, Cloxacillin, Cotrimoxazole while E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa were all resistant to Nalixidic and Ampicillin and had varying degrees of resistance to other antibiotics. S. aureus was sensitive to all the extracts at a minimum concentration of 12.5 % (v/v) of A. occidentale and at 50% (v/v) of x. aethiopica at minimum inhibitory concentration of 25% (v/v). E. coli was resistant to all the extracts but growth of all the organisms was inhibited when the extracts were applied in combination.
TL;DR: Among the yam cultivar, GA3 and Azadiractha indica always had the best effect of extending the dormancy, reduction in weight loss and rot incidence, and Physico-chemical changes.
Abstract: A storage experiment was conducted in an improved yam barn at the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Nigeria. Five cultivars of yam namely; Nwaopoko, Amula, Pepa, Danacha and Ezakwukpolo were obtained from four major yam producing states in Nigeria. The plant parts (botanicals) of Azadiracdica indica A. Juss (leaf), Xylopia aethiopica (Dun) A. Rich (fruit), Occimum gratissimum L. var (leaf) and Zingiber officinale Rosecoe (stem tuber) were obtained locally while the gibberellic acid (GA3) was imported from Europe. The yam tubers were soaked in the chloroform extracts of the botanicals/GA3 solution for 3 hours, air dried and stored in the barn for both physical and biochemical observations. The botanicals and GA3 treatments significantly (p . 0.05) increased the moisture and dry mass contents of the stored tubers but had no effects on the crude protein, ash and fiber. Extension of dormancy period of the stored tubers by the storage treatments was in order of GA3 > A. indica > O. gratissimum whereas X. aethiopica and Z. officinale reduced dormancy. Among the yam cultivar, GA3 and Azadiractha indica always had the best effect of extending the dormancy, reduction in weight loss and rot incidence. Keywords : Yam; storage treatments; Physico-chemical changes