Showing papers on "Xylopia aethiopica published in 2012"

Inhibition of key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and sodium nitroprusside-induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas by water extractable phytochemicals from some tropical spices.

Abstract: Context: Spices have been used as food adjuncts and in folklore for ages. Inhibition of key enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) involved in the digestion of starch and protection against free radicals and lipid peroxidation in pancreas could be part of the therapeutic approach towards the management of hyperglycemia and dietary phenolics have shown promising potentials.Objective: This study investigated and compared the inhibitory properties of aqueous extracts of some tropical spices: Xylopia aethiopica [Dun.] A. Rich (Annonaceae), Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal (Annonaceae), Syzygium aromaticum [L.] Merr. et Perry (Myrtaceae), Piper guineense Schumach. et Thonn (Piperaceae), Aframomum danielli K. Schum (Zingiberaceae) and Aframomum melegueta (Rosc.) K. Schum (Zingiberaceae) against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas - in vitro using different spectrophotometric method.Materials and method...

Analgesic effects of an ethanol extract of the fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich (Annonaceae) and the major constituent, xylopic acid in murine models

Abstract: Background: Fruit extracts of Xylopia aethiopica are used traditionally in the management of pain disorders including rheumatism, headache, colic pain, and neuralgia Little pharmacological data exists in scientific literature of the effect of the fruit extract and its major diterpene, xylopic acid, on pain The present study evaluated the analgesic properties of the ethanol extract of X aethiopica (XAE) and xylopic acid (XA), in murine models Materials and Methods: XAE and XA were assessed in chemical (acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and formalin tests), thermal (Tail-flick and Hargreaves thermal hyperalgesia tests), and mechanical (Randall-Selitto paw pressure test) pain models Results: XAE and XA exhibited significant analgesic activity in all the pain models used XAE (30-300 mg kg -1 , po) and XA (10-100 mg kg -1 , po) inhibited acetic acid-induced visceral nociception, formalin- induced paw pain (both neurogenic and inflammatory), thermal pain as well as carrageenan-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in animals Morphine (1-10 mg kg -1 , ip) and diclofenac (1-10 mg kg -1 , ip), used as controls, exhibited similar anti-nociceptive activities XAE and XA did not induce tolerance to their respective anti-nociceptive effects in the formalin test after chronic administration Morphine tolerance did not also cross-generalize to the analgesic effects of XAE or XA Conclusions: These findings establish the analgesic properties of the ethanol fruit extract of X aethiopica and its major diterpene, xylopic acid

Characterization of the antiproliferative activity of Xylopia aethiopica

Abstract: Background Xylopia aethiopica, a plant found throughout West Africa, has both nutritional and medicinal uses. The present study aims to characterize the effects of extracts of this plant on cancer cells.

In vitro anthelmintic potentials of Xylopia aethiopica and Monodora myristica from Nigeria

Abstract: Monodora myristica and Xylopia aethiopica are two spices that have been traditionally used as a vermifuge in Ayurveda. The main aim of the research work was to investigate the phytochemical constituents of the aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts of the two spices and the anthelmintic activity of the extracts of their seeds against Eudrilus eugeniae. The four concentrations (10, 20, 50 and 100 mg/ml) of each of the extracts from the two spices were studied in the bioassay which involved the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worm. Albendazole (15 mg/ml) was used as a standard reference drug in the assay. At the concentration of 100 mg/ml, the aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts of the two spices showed very significant activities as compared to the standard drug Albendazole (15 mg/ml). The seed extracts of M. myristica and X. aethiopica produced a significant anthelmintic activity. Key words: Monodora myristica, Xylopia aethiopica, phytochemicals, anthelmintics, Eudrilus eugeniae.

Insecticidal Effect of Fruit Extracts from Xylopia aethiopica and Dennettia tripetala (Annonaceae) against Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract: The insecticidal and repellent activities of fruit extracts of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. and Dennettia tripetala (Baker f.) G.E. Schatz belonging to the family Annonaceae was studied against Sitophilus oryzae (L.), an economic, primary post-harvest pest of rice, and other cereal products. Infested rice grains (100 g) treated with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% (w/w) powders of both plants were evaluated for toxicity against S. oryzae every 24 h for 3 d, and during F1 progeny emergence. The essential oils of both plants were also applied at 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg cm-2 filter paper in Petri dishes for toxicity bioassays at 24 h exposure. Repellence bioassay with 10 μL solution of essential oils on filter paper was performed in a Y-Tube airflow olfactometer. Results indicate that powders of both plants significantly (P < 0.001) caused adult weevil mortality and a reduction in F1 progeny emergence than the control. Essential oils were also significantly (P < 0.001) adulticidal to S. oryzae after 24 h with the highest dose (2 mg cm-2) producing 100% mortality respectively. Similarly, both male and female weevils significantly avoided the test arm compared to the control arm in the Y-Tube olfactometer repellence tests. These results suggest that X. aethiopica and D. tripetala natural extracts have potential for use as part of integrated pest management of stored product protection against S. oryzae.

Effect of diets supplemented with Ethiopian pepper [Xylopia aethiopica (Dun.) A. Rich (Annonaceae)] and Ashanti pepper [Piper guineense Schumach. et Thonn (Piperaceae)] on some biochemical parameters in normal rats

Abstract: Objective To investigate and compare the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant capacity of Ethiopian pepper [Xylopia aethiopica (Dun.) A. Rich (Annonaceae)] and seeds of Ashanti pepper [Piper guineense Schumach. et Thonn (Piperaceae)]. Methods Both spices were each extracted with methanol and 1M HCl (1:1, w/v) mixture to give the phenolic-rich extracts, which were used for the in vitro analyses [total phenol, total flavonoid and antioxidant properties (reducing properties, 1,1 diphenyl-2— picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS*) radical scavenging abilities]. Thereafter, thirty male albino rats were divided into five groups of six. Group I represented control group; Group II & III were fed diet containing 2% Ethiopian pepper & 4% XA while Group IV & V ate diet supplemented with 2% and 4% Ashanti pepper. Results The results suggest that diet supplemented with 2% and 4% Ethiopian pepper and Ashanti pepper could enhance some in vivo antioxidant status, maintain membrane integrity and protect the liver against oxidative stress. Conclusions This could be attributed to the phenolic contents and the in vitro antioxidant properties of the Ethiopian pepper and Ashanti pepper. However, dietary supplementation with 4% Ethiopian pepper showed the most promising protective potentials.

Antifertility Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Xylopia aethiopica on Male Reproductive Organ of Wistar Rats

Abstract: The effects of ethanolic extract of Xylopia aethiopica on male reproductive organ in Wistar rats was studied. A total of twenty-four adult male rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n=8). Group 1 (control) was given rat chow and distilled water ad libitum, Group II and III received 0.5mls and 1.0mls of ethanolic extract of Xylopia aethiopica once daily for a period of 28 days. The results showed a significant (P<0.05) and dose dependent decrease in the semen parameters (count, motility) and a non significant decrease in the percentage of sperm with normal morphology. The tes- ticular photomicrograph also shows dose dependent degenerative changes. Therefore, the extract may have some anti fertility effects which may be further explored for a possible use as male contraceptive agent.

Antimicrobial Activity of Fruit Extracts of Xylopia Aethiopica and its Combination with Antibiotics against Clinical Bacterial Pathogens

Abstract: The in- vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanol and aqueous fruit extracts of Xylopia aethiopica , four conventional antibiotics: gentamycin, ampicillin erythromycin and ciprofloxacin and the combination of each extract with the conventional antibiotics were investigated using the agar diffusion method. Clinically isolated strains of bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Escherichia coli , Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus faecalis and Shigella dysenteriae were used for the assay. The preliminary screening of phytochemical constituents of the fruits of Xylopia aethiopica showed the presence of cardiac glycosides flavonoids, phlobatannins, tannins, phenol, anthraquinones, saponin and steroids. The ethanol extract was active against P. aeruginosa , B. subtilis , S. aureus , but showed no activity against K. pneumoniae and E. coli while the aqueous extract was only active against S.aureus. The test organisms showed susceptibility to the antibiotics used except P. aureginosa which was resistant to ampicillin. Synergism was obtained in 39.3% of all the combinations investigated, antagonism in 57.1%, and indifference in 3.6% Gentamycin when combined with the aqueous and ethanol extracts had the highest percentage of synergism, Caution should be taken in with concurrent administration of X.aethiopica with conventional antibiotics because of the higher percentage of antagonism observed. KEYWORDS : Xylopia aethiopica , antibiotics, plant extract antimicrobial activity, synergism, antagonjsm.

Effects of Some Selected Spices on Some Biochemical Profile of Wister Albino Rats

Abstract: The influences on the biochemical profiles by three medicinal plant parts used by pregnant women in the southern part of Nigeria, Tetrapleura tetraptera, Piper guineense, and Xylopia aethiopica were evaluated through a feeding study using Albino Whistar rats. The study revealed that extracts decreased the plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in treated rats and is attributable to the presence of hypolipidemic agent in the extracts. This shows that the extracts could reduce cardiovascular risk factor. Also, plasma levels of Potassium statistically decreased in the rats treated with T. tetraptera, P. guineense, and X. Aethiopica. This finding is suggestive of a hypokalaemic effect. Two major liver enzymes, ALT and AST plasma levels significantly decreased in the order X. Aethiopica > T. Tetraptera > P. Guineense and P. Guineense > X. Aethiopica > T. Tetraptera for ALT and AST respectively. These findings suggest effective potential to lower hepatotoxic effects by the spices.

Three new natural compounds from the root bark essential oil from Xylopia aethiopica.

Abstract: Introduction In the course of on-going work on the characterisation of aromatic plants from the Ivory Coast we investigated the composition of the root oil from Xylopia aethiopica. Objectives The aim of this work was to investigate the chemical composition of X. aethiopica root oil and elucidate the structure of two new compounds. Methodology Analysis of the essential oil was carried out using a combination of chromatographic (CC, GC with retention indices) and spectroscopic techniques (MS, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR). Results Twenty seven components, accounting for 95.6% of the whole composition, were identified including various compounds for which spectroscopic data were absent on commercial computerised MS libraries. Three compounds are reported for the first time as natural compounds and the structure of two new compounds, 4,4-dimethyl-2-vinylcyclohexene and endo-5-methoxy-3-patchoulene, has been elucidated using extensive two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Conclusion The composition of X. aethiopica root oil is dominated by two dimethylvinylcyclohexene isomers. It differs drastically from the composition of leaf and fruit oils of the same plant. The combination of analytical techniques appeared crucial for a fruitful analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Activities of Some Nigerian Medicinal Plants against Aedes aegypti

Abstract: Extracts and constituents of medicinal plants have proven to be biodegradable, had low mammalian toxicity and induction of resistance, and comparable activities to the standard drugs. Therefore, methanolic extracts of some plants that are termite resistant or used ethnomedically as antimalarial and febrifuge were evaluated for activities against 4th-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. A 61 % of these plants with these properties demonstrated larvicidal activities and may confirm the usefulness of these properties in choosing plant larvicides. This is the first report of larvicidal activities of stem barks and leaves of Blighia sapida and Baphia nitida, stem barks of Markhamia tomentosa and Newboldia laevis, and whole plants of Euphorbia macrophylla. Extracts of B. sapida stem bark, Costus specious root and Xylopia aethiopica seed, with LC50 1.71, 1.47 and 1.49 mg/ml at 48 h, respectively, were the most active and had significant activities that were comparable to Endosulphan. Hence, they may be used as plant larvicides in the control of dengue and yellow fever.

Oxytocic effect of aquous, ethanolic, n-hexane and chloroform extracts of Xylopia aethiopica (Anonaceae) and Ocimum gratissium (Labiate) on guinea pig uterus

Abstract: Xylopia aethiopica and Ocimum gratissium, are commonly used as spices and flavoring agents in Southern Nigeria. Aqueous, ethanolic, N-hexane and chloroform fractions of extracts of both plants were analysed for their phytochemical composition and oxytocic effect on the uterus of female guinea pig. Acute toxicity studies of the extracts in mice gave LD50 values of 1258.92mg/kg b.w for xylopla aethiopica and 1778.3mg/kg b.w for Ocimum gratissium, suggesting low toxicity of the extracts. Both extracts, xylopia aethioplca and Ocimum gratissium showed rich content of alkaloid 0.3% and 1.47%, flavonoid 0.99% and 0..25%, tannins 46mg/100ml and 48mg/100ml, saponins 0.56% and 0.57%, and phenol 0.21% and 0.02% respectively. The N-hexane extracts of both plants showed more oxytocic activity than aqueous, ethanolic and chloroform extracts. The studied revealed that Xylopia aethiopica extracts showed more oxytocic activity on the guinea pig uterus than extracts of ocimum gratissium. The phytochemical substances in the plants may be responsible for the medicinal properties of the spices, which form the basis for their use in herbal medicine and as food additive for breast feeding women in Nigeria.

Chemical variability of the leaf essential oil of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich. from Côte d'Ivoire.

Abstract: The chemical composition of 48 essential-oil samples isolated from the leaves of Xylopia aethiopica harvested in six Ivoirian forests was investigated by GC-FID and (13) C-NMR analyses. In total, 23 components accounting for 82.5-96.1% of the oil composition were identified. The composition was dominated by the monoterpene hydrocarbons β-pinene (up to 61.1%) and α-pinene (up to 18.6%) and the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon germacrene D (up to 28.7%). Hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses allowed the distinction of two groups on the basis of the β-pinene and germacrene D contents. The chemical composition of the oils of Group I (38 oil samples) was clearly dominated by β-pinene, while those of Group II (10 samples) were characterized by the association of β-pinene and germacrene D. The leaves collected in the four inland forests produced β-pinene-rich oils (Group I), while the oil samples belonging to Group II were isolated from leaves harvested in forests located near the littoral.

Phytochemical and comparative studies of the stem bark and root of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal.) A. Rich

Abstract: The ethanolic extracts of the stem bark and root of Xylopia aethiopica were used for the study. Preliminary phytochemicals present were quantified using standard procedures. The result of the screening of the two samples showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, steroids and cardiac glycosides and both samples tested negative for anthraquinones. The result indicates that alkaloids and cardiac glycosides in the root were significantly (p 0.05) difference were observed between the flavonoid content of the samples. The plant parts investigated in this work should be seen as a potential source of useful drugs.

Microbial, Physical and Sensory Attribute Of Cookies Produced From Wheat Flour Fortified with Termitomyces robustus and Spiced with Curry Leaves (Xylopia aethiopica)

Abstract: Wheat flour was used to substitute mushroom flour at the ratio of 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70. And each category were substituted with spice ( Xylopia aethiopica ) which concentration ratio from 5g, 10g, 15g respectively. The cookies prepared without wheat flour and also without mushroom flour serve as positive control. The parameters, thickness, diameter and spread factors were determined with meter rule. Total staphylococcus, bacillus and coliform count were determined using standard form and the effect of spiced ( Xylopia aethiopica ) concentration was noted. Consumer preference or otherwise was also determine using a taste panel list. The main quality scores of bacteria count on the cookies ranges at 70:30 (1.5x10 3 , 1.0x10 3 and 9.2x10 2 ) ranges from highest to lowest for total viable count on nutrient agar, and also (1.0x10 2 , 0.9x10 2 ,0.7x10 1 ) for fungi count on PDA, (1.1x10 3 ,9.0x10 2 ,6.8x10 2 ) for Staphylococcus aureus count on manitol salt agar, and (1.2x10 3 , 1.1x10 3 , 9.2x10 2 ) for Bacillus count on tryptose soy agar. The physical quality parameters indicate a range of thickness (0.35-0.45), diameter (4.2-4.1) for 70:30, (0.35-0.4), (3.95-3.85) for 50:50. (0.35-0.4), (3.75-3.75) for 30:70. As the spice concentration increases from 5g, 10g, 15g respectively. The mean quality sensory scores of the cookies ranges for 70:30 from: colour (4.0-3.0), flavour (4.0-3.0), taste (3.5-3.0), overall acceptability (4.0-3.5), for 50:50 colour (3.0-3.0), flavour (3,5-3.0), taste (2.5-2.0), overall acceptability (3.0-3.0) and for 30:70 colour (2.0-1.75), flavour (2.0-2.0), taste (2.0-1.75), overall acceptability (2.5-2.0). The result shows a significant difference at probability level P<0.05 as the spice concentration increases for category A and B but C display no significant difference. the production of cookies from wheat flour fortified with ( Xylopia aethiopica) be encouraged to achieve and harvested the preservatives, potential of the spice ( Xylopia aethiopica) and the other medical properties that has been recorded from literature review. Key Words: Xylopia aethiopica, Spice, Termitomyces robustus, Wheat flour

Antifungal activity of spices extracts against Sclerotium rolfsii

Abstract: The production of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is severely limited by the Southern blight disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, inducing a yield loss of about 60%. The major means of control is the use of chemicals which have been phased out due to its associated hazards, hence the need for alternatives particularly in botanicals for its control. Five spices - Xylopia aethiopica, Cymbopogon citratus, Allium sativum, Aframomum melegueta and Ocimum gratissimum extracts were tested in vitro at six concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5%) against the growth of S. rolfsii. To further evaluate disease control, extracts of the five spices were tested in the screen house for disease control. Results of the in vitro study show inhibition of S. rolfsii by all spices extracts at 3, 4, and 5%, in the following descending order: X. aethiopica > A. sativum > O. gratissimum > C. citratus > A. melegueta. However, in the screen house trial, significant reduction in disease severity was recorded in extracts treated tomato plants, in the following decreasing order: O. gratissimum, C. citratus, A. melegueta, A. sativum, X. aethiopica. The highest disease control ability was recorded in all extracts at 5% concentration. The study demonstrates the potentials of these spices for the control of Southern blight of tomato.

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro anthelmintic potentials of xylopia aethiopica (dunal) a. rich (annonacea) from nigeria

Abstract: The main aim of the research work was to investigat e the phytochemical constituents of the aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts and the anth elmintic activity of the extracts of the fruits against Eudrilus eugeniae . The four concentrations (10, 20, 50 and 100 mg/ml ) of extracts were studied in vitro in the bioassay for their anthelmintic activity in experimental worm, Eudrilus eugeniae which involved the determination of time of paraly sis and time of death of the experimental worms. Albendazole (15 mg/ml) was used as a standard reference drug in the assay. At the concentration of 100mg/ml , the aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts showed very significant activities as comp ared to the standard drug Albendazole (15 mg/ml), the time of paralysis and death being 1.63± 0.36 and 6.77±0.11 in the case of the aqueous extract, 2.91±0.10 and 8.86±0.66 in the cas e of ethanol extract, 3.19±0.56 and 6.44±0.83 in the case of the methanol extract and 3 2.00±0.87 and 38.87±0.65 as in the case of the standard drug Albendazole respectively. The extract of X. aethiopica produced a significant anthelmintic activity.

Anti-Nociceptive Properties of the Ethanolic Extract Of Fruits of Xylopia Aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich (Annonaceae) and its Major Constituent, Xylopic Acid

Abstract: A Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, January-2012

Effects of Xylopia aethiopica on various cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome

Abstract: Methods of improving a variety of health related factors including, but not limited to weight, cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels and HDL levels, is provided. In one embodiment, a method of reducing body weight in a mammal is provided; the method comprises administering a composition containing an effective amount of Xylopia aethiopica , to the mammal, whereby the administering of the composition to the mammal is effective in reducing bodyweight in the mammal.