Showing papers on "Xylopia aethiopica published in 2016"
TL;DR: The results of this study suggest that XAAF treatment showed excellent anti-diabetic effects in a T2D model of rats.
37 citations
TL;DR: This review summarizes published data on phytochemistry, toxicological properties, Ethnopharmacological and other uses of Xylopia aethiopica and aims at providing an up-to-date detail that should constitute baseline information for future research on the plant.
Abstract: Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Xylopia aethiopica or Ethiopian pepper is a plant that thrives in most of the evergreen rain forests of tropical and subtropical Africa, and it is currently grown most prominently in Ghana as a crop. Almost all parts of Xylopia aethiopica possess great medicinal values in traditional medicine. In most parts of Africa, it is used in the treatment of cough, rheumatism, dysentery, malaria, uterine fibroid, boils, and wounds among others. This review summarizes published data on phytochemistry, toxicological properties, Ethnopharmacological and other uses of Xylopia aethiopica, and aims at providing an up-to-date detail that should constitute baseline information for future research on the plant.
Materials and Methods: Google Scholar, Scifinder® and PubMed were the electronic databases used to search for and filter published research on Xylopia aethiopica.
Results: The various parts of Xylopia aethiopica possess a wide diversity of phytochemicals. A detailed description of only a few of these phytochemicals i.e. essential oils, alkaloids and diterpenes is available in published research currently. Extracts and isolates from almost all parts of the plant tends to possess one bioactivity or another that confirms its traditional uses, and have largely shown to be of low toxicity.
Conclusion: Xylopia aethiopica has shown to possess potential pharmacological benefits; there is however, the need for further research to be conducted on various extracts and isolates of the plant that showed promise during In vitro and animal studies, to ascertain its potency, safety and efficacy in humans.
28 citations
TL;DR: This study shows that Xylopia aethiopica has antidepressant potential largely due to effects on 5-HT neurotransmission with possible glutamatergic effect through the glycineB co-binding site and nitric oxide synthase inhibition.
26 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Lead contamination of spices sold in Awka (south east Nigeria) may add to the body burden of lead, and a good quality control for herbal food is important in order to protect consumers from contamination.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Natural spices are commonly used by the people in Nigeria. They may be easily contaminated with heavy metals when they are dried and then pose a health risk for the consumers. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the levels of heavy metals in some commonly consumed natural spices namely Prosopis Africana, Xylopia aethiopica, Piper gineense, Monodora myristica, Monodora tenuifolia and Capsicum frutescens sold in the local markets of Awka, Anambra state, South East Nigeria to estimate the potential health risk. RESULTS The range of heavy metal concentration was in the order: Zn (14.09 - 161.04) > Fe (28.15 - 134.59) > Pb (2.61 - 8.97) > Cr (0.001 - 3.81) > Co (0.28 - 3.07) > Ni (0.34 - 2.89). Pb, Fe and Zn exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations for spices. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) of the spices varied from 0.06-0.5. Estimated daily intakes (EDI) were all below the tolerable daily intake (TDI). The lead levels in Prosopis africana, Xylopia aethiopica, Piper gineense, Monodora myristica and Capsicum frutescens which are 8-30 times higher than the WHO/FAO permissible limit of 0.3 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS Lead contamination of spices sold in Awka (south east Nigeria) may add to the body burden of lead. A good quality control for herbal food is important in order to protect consumers from contamination. KEY WORDS food products, spices, potential toxic metals, risk assessment, public health.
21 citations
TL;DR: Based on functional types of phytochemicals, the petiole is the most important part which contains 7 out of 9 active principles screened, followed by the bark and the leaf, therefore, the tree could serve as a source of making different types of cheap multifunctional drugs.
Abstract: This work aimed at investigating the functional types and compositions of bioactive compounds in Xylopia aethiopica. Plant parts (petiole, leaf, seed, stem bark, and roots) were collected from Vandeikya Local Government Area of Benue State, North Central Nigeria. Extracts were qualitatively screened following standard protocols. Phytochemicals were screened and tested. This was followed by quantitative analysis of selected bioactive compounds using double extraction gravimetric method. Data were statistically analysed using SPSS software. From the result, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, reducing sugar, anthraquinones, steroids, flavonoids, and glycosides were present in the parts investigated. The stem bark contained very high amount of saponin (8.33%), alkaloid (5.67%) and flavonoid (5.24%). The seed had moderate amount of the quantified compounds. The high positive correlation between flavonoid and alkaloid (+0.999) was the most significant value (p=0.022) obtained though the quantified chemicals were all positively correlated. Therefore, based on quantity, the bark is the most important part of medicinal importance followed by the seed. Based on functional types of phytochemicals, the petiole is the most important part which contains 7 out of 9 active principles screened, followed by the bark and the leaf. Therefore, the tree could serve as a source of making different types of cheap multifunctional drugs.
Key words: Extracts, bioactive compounds, phytochemicals, correlation, drug, Xylopia aethiopica.
20 citations
TL;DR: This study confirms that the extracts of the seven plants exert anthelminthic property, but choice of extract and its toxicological risk on the fish host is highly essential.
Abstract: This research aims to study the acute and sub-chronic effects of the plant extracts on fingerlings and juveniles of Clarias gariepinus as they are used as potential drugs against the parasites. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the extracts of seven plants; Piper guineense, Aframomum melegueta, Moringa oleifera, Gongronema latifolium, Azadirachta indica, Garcinia kola and Xylopia aethiopica and their potencies against C. gariepinus, helminth parasites and microorganisms were investigated. The study revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phlobatannins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and terpenoids. A 96 h acute toxicity of the extracts on fish juveniles was determined. Parasites were recovered from 60 samples of C. gariepinus obtained from Lekki lagoon. The low observed effect concentration of the extracts was also tested against the parasites, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using standard methods. Average Survival Time (AST) for the parasites was estimated. Relative Toxicity Factors (RTFs) of the extracts at Low Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) – 96 h LC5 mg/l occurred in this trend; X. aethiopica (RTF, 1.0) < G. latifolium (RTF, 2.0) < A. indica (RTF, 2.0) < G. kola (RTF, 2.0) < M. oleifera (RTF, 2.0) < P. guineense (RTF, 5.0) < A. melegueta (RTF, 8.0). Parasites recovered from C. gariepinus include cestode (Wenyonia minuta), and nematode (Procamallanus longus). It was observed that only A. melegueta and A. indica slightly inhibited the growth of S. flexneri and P. aeruginosa. The potency of the extracts and Average Survival Time (AST) of intestinal parasites occurred in this trend; X. aethiopica < G. latifolium < A. indica < G. kola < M. oleifera < P. guineense < A. melegueta. A 95 h LC2.5 of A. melegueta (32 mg/l) being the most toxic extract was used to carry out histopathology on the fish gills. The gills exposed showed some pathological effects. This study confirms that the extracts of the seven plants exert anthelminthic property, but choice of extract and its toxicological risk on the fish host is highly essential.
16 citations
TL;DR: These findings establish analgesic properties of the ethanol fruit extract of X. aethiopica and xylopic acid in musculoskeletalPain models, which significantly reduced the spread of hyperalgesia to contralateral limbs in both models of chronic hyperAlgesia.
Abstract: Context: Fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. (Annonaceae) are used traditionally to manage arthritis, headache and other pain disorders.Objective: The analgesic properties of the X. aethiopica ethanol fruit extract (XAE) and xylopic acid (XA) were evaluated in musculoskeletal pain models.Materials and methods: Acute muscle pain was induced in gastrocnemius muscle of Sprague–Dawley rats with 3% carrageenan (i.m.). Rats received XAE (30–300 mg/kg), XA (10–100 mg/kg) or morphine (1–10 mg/kg) after 12 h. Effects of XAE and XA on muscle pain were assessed by measuring post-treatment grip strength of the rats. Chronic muscle pain was similarly induced, but drug treatment was on the eighth day and effects of XAE and XA assessed with Randall–Selitto test for hyperlagesia. Acute-skeletal pain was induced in knee joints of rats with 3% carrageenan-kaolin mixture and effects determined 12-h later. Similar induction protocol was used for chronic knee pain with treatment and measurement as done for c...
15 citations
01 Dec 2016
TL;DR: There was a significant (P < 0.0001) reduction in cytoplasmic vacuolation, inflammation, cellular degeneration, loss of tissue organisation and necrotic tissues with administration of X. aethiopica extract and xylopic acid in the inflamed paws of the mice.
Abstract: In the form of a decoction, X. aethiopica is traditionally employed in the treatment of bronchitis, asthma, arthritis and rheumatism in Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon. This study establishes the inhibitory effect of X. aethiopica and its principal constituent, xylopic acid, on the arachidonic acid pathway of inflammation. Hydrogen sulphide is endogenously produced in mammalian tissues from the enzymatic activity of cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase on L-cysteine. Its involvement in the local and systemic inflammatory process has been documented in animal models. Recent studies have identified its activation of phospholipase A2 as the mechanism involved in its anti-inflammatory role. We henceforth conducted this study to investigate the inhibitory role of X. aethiopica and its principal constituent xylopic acid on hydrogen sulphide-induced inflammation and eventual effect on the activation of phospholipase A2. Sodium hydrogen sulphide (NaHS) was injected into the mouse hind paw and oedema was monitored for 60 min. Paws were examined by the histological method. X. aethiopica extract (30, 100, 300 mg kg -1 ) suppressed the mean maximal swelling attained at 15 min to 42.58±1.66%, 42.58±1.66% and 34.91±2.39%, respectively compared to the mean inflamed control response of 61.51±3.90%. The total paw swellings induced over the 1 h were also significantly suppressed by 31.82±5.28%, 36.19±6.01%, and 31.65±5.16%, respectively. The xylopic acid (10, 30, 100 mg kg -1 ) suppressed the mean maximal swelling attained at 15 min to 41.75±1.24%, 40.26±1.68% and 38.26±2.52%, respectively relative to the control response while the total paw swelling was significantly suppressed by 34.08±4.49%, 38.19±4.50% and 43.40±5.09% respectively relative to the inflamed control response. Histologically, there was a significant (P < 0.0001) reduction in cytoplasmic vacuolation, inflammation, cellular degeneration, loss of tissue organisation and necrotic tissues with administration of X. aethiopica extract and xylopic acid in the inflamed paws of the mice. This study establishes that X. aethiopica extract, and xylopic acid mediate their anti-inflammatory actions in part through inhibition of hydrogen sulphide-induced inflammation and subsequently has an inhibitory role on phospholipase A2 activation.
11 citations
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the chemical constituents of Xylopia aethiopica essential oil and its antibacterial activity were investigated using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and agar diffusion method.
Abstract: Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the chemical constituents of fruit essential oil of Xylopia aethiopica and its antibacterial activity were investigated. Pulverized fruit of X. aethiopica was hydrodistilled in a Clevenger type apparatus. The resulting oil was characterized by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and its antibacterial activity was evaluated using agar diffusion method. Hydro-distilled X. aethiopica fruits yielded 1.3% v/w of essential oil. Investigation by GC-MS revealed that bulk of the oil was constituted by hydrocarbon monoterpenes (44.0%). The major constituents of the oil were; Eugenol (12.2%), acetyleugenol (7.0%), 1,8-cineole (6.8%), sabinene (6.7%), cis-ocimene (6.2%), β-caryophyllene (5.6%), γ-terpinene (5.3%), α-pinene (4.3%), β-linalool (4.3%), α-terpineol (4.1%), pinocarveol (3.7%), terpinene-4acetate (3.6%), α-thugene (3.6%), β-phellandrene (3.5%) and benzylbenzoate (3.3%). The oil showed various degree of inhibitory effect against three gram positive b...
6 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Results revealed that the extracts from the fruits showed better antimicrobial and antioxidant activities than that of the leaves as well as a concentration dependent anthelmintic activity, which could justify the extensive use of the fruits than the leaves in folkloric medicine.
Abstract: Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae) is a plant widely used in Africa for both culinary and medicinal purposes. This study aims at evaluating by comparison the anti-infective and antioxidant activities of X. aethiopica fruit and leaves. Ethanol extracts of the leaves and fruits of X. aethiopica were evaluated for antimicrobial, anthelmintic and antioxidant activities. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against clinical strains of selected microorganisms. Anthelmintic activity was evaluated by determining the effects of the extracts on the paralytic and death times of Pheretima posthuma. Antioxidant activity was determine by the DPPH free radical scavenging method. Results revealed that the extracts from the fruits showed better antimicrobial and antioxidant activities than that of the leaves as well as a concentration dependent anthelmintic activity. This could justify the extensive use of the fruits than the leaves in folkloric medicine.
Dissertation•
01 Aug 2016
TL;DR: It is concluded that the aqueous leaf extract of Xylopia aethiopica improves recovery process of P-cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and might become useful in the management of diabetes related complications.
Abstract: To investigate the histological and immunohistochemical effects of aqueous leaf extract of Xylo- pia aethiopica on the pancreas in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, 30 adult Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n=10). Group A was the control (administered with equivalent vol- ume of citrate buffer), group B animals were made diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin dissolved in citrate buffer (65 mg/kg), group C animals were made diabetic as above and treated with 200mg/kg body weight of aqueous leave extract of Xylopia aethiop- ica for 25 days. Upon animal sacrifice, the pancreas were excised, fixed in 10% formol saline and processed for light microscopy and immunohistochemistry.. The results revealed destruc- tion of the islet cells in the untreated diabetic group as compared with the controls. The extract treated group was characterized by recovery/regenerative processes indicated by improvement in islet morphology. In untreated diabetic rats immunoreactive P-cells were sparse, at variance from the controls. The group treated with aqueous leaf extract of Xylopia aethiopica revealed more intense staining for insulin and significant (p<0.05) increase in the percentage of immuno- labelled surface area when compared with the untreated diabetic group, suggesting the ability of P-cells to secrete insulin in the extract treated rats. We conclude that the aqueous leaf extract of Xylopia aethiopica improves recovery process of P-cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and might become useful in the management of diabetes related complications.
TL;DR: Acetone and chloroform extracts of the seed of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich were evaluated in the laboratory for their insecticidal effect on the adult Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and the highest damage was obtained in solvent-treated cowpea seeds.
Abstract: Acetone and chloroform extracts of the seed of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich (Annonaceae) were evaluated in the laboratory for their insecticidal effect on the adult Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Adult mortality was assayed using 0.5ml and 1.0 ml of extract per 20 g cowpea. Five dosages (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 ml) of X. aethiopica extracts per 20 g cowpea seed were used to determine the oviposition, adult emergence and seed damage by C. maculatus. Untreated control and solventtreated control were included. At 3 and 5 days after treatment (DAT), percentage mortality was significantly (p<0.05) higher in cowpea treated with chloroform extract (46.53%, and 62.45%, respectively) than what obtained in acetone extract (34.2% and 52.43%, respectively) of X. aethiopica. Application of extract at 1.0 ml/20 g seed caused significantly (p<0.05) higher percentage mortality when compared with the solvent treated controls. The LD50 (0.42 and 0.02 ml/20 g seed) for chlorof...
TL;DR: The study results showed a possible way of using essential oils as an alternative to chemical additives used for preservation of food products and proved the efficiency of those essential oils in fermented milk preservation.
Abstract: Objectives: Milk and milk products are known to be the good media for development of many microorganisms. Some essential oils are known to have antimicrobial activities against bacteria, mould and fungi. With the aim of contributing to the preservation of the fermented dairy products, the present study explored the use of essential oils for biopreservation in food pathogen control. The objectives were to study the effect of two essential oils extracted from local plants Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich. and Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J.W. Moore on the physico-chemical, microbiological and organoleptic characteristics of the fermented milk. Methodology and Results: At the first level, essential oils were extracted from the leaves of plants and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each one was detected using the serial dilution method and Muller Hinton Broth medium. The references strains used were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Based on the MICs determined, essential oils were added to fermented milk and determination of its physicochemical characteristic, evolution of the microbial flora (meophilic flora, lactic flora, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus ) were done during two weeks of preservation. The results showed that Xylopia aethiopica had a lowest minimum inhibitory concentration. After fifteen days of preservation, a decrease of mesophilic flora and lactic bacteria was observed and a disappearance was noticed for coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus during the same time. These results prove the efficiency of those essential oils in fermented milk preservation. Moreover, microorganisms’ inhibition was more pronounced with Xylopia aethiopica essential oil than the Pimenta racemosa one. Conclusion and applications of findings: The study results showed a possible way of using essential oils as an alternative to chemical additives used for preservation of food products. As there are natural products, there could take an important part in the food safety policies. Keywords: Essential oils, biopreservation, fermented milk
10 Jan 2016
03 May 2016
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: It is concluded that diabetes causes gastric pathology thus resulting in morphological changes in the gastric histo-architecture and parietal cells and as such, may play a significant role in the management of complications associated with diabetes mellitus.
Abstract: OFUSORI, D. A.; KOMOLAFE, O. A; ADEWOLE, O. S.; ARAYOMBO, B. E; MARGOLIS, D. & NAICKER, T. Ultrastructuraland immunohistochemical effects of aqueous leave extract of Xylopia aethiopica on the stomach in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Int. J. Morphol., 34(1):34-41, 2016.SUMMARY: Gastrointestinal pathology in diabetic patients has become a source of concern in recent times. The aim of this studywas to investigate the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical effects of aqueous leaf extract of Xylopia aethiopica on the stomach instreptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. This study was conducted using thirty adult Wistar rats. The animals were divided into th ree groups (n=10). Group A was the control animals (administered with equivalent volume of citrate buffer), group B was diabetic animals induced by asingle intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin dissolved in citrate buffer (65 mg/kg) and group C was diabetic animals trea ted with 200 mg/kg body weight of aqueous leave extract of X. aethiopica for twenty five days. At the expiration of the study, all the animals in each of thegroups were sacrificed and the stomach excised and fixed in both 10 % formol and karnovsky fixatives immunohistochemical, light microscopicand electron microscopic studies respectively. The results showed a gradual decline (P<0.05) in the blood glucose level in the extract treatedgroup as against the increment in untreated diabetic group. There was a distortion of the glandular mucosa and epithelium in the untreateddiabetic group vis-a-vis the extract treated and control groups. The immunohistochemical staining and percentage immunoreactivity of thestomach of untreated diabetic group showed that the immunoexpression of H+/K+-ATPase were sparse and significantly (p<0.000) lowercompared with the control group. There was a better staining pattern for H+/K+-ATPase gastric proton pump in the group treated withaqueous leaf extract of X. aethiopica as compared with the untreated diabetic group. The ultrastructural studies of untreated diabetic grouprevealed a reduction in the density of mitochondria as compared with the control group. Treatment with leaf extract of X. aethiopica increasedthe mitochondrial density as well as uniform dispersal of chromatin. It is concluded that diabetes causes gastric pathology thus resulting inmorphological changes in the gastric histo-architecture and parietal cells. The aqueous leaf extract of X. aethiopica enhances the recovery/restoration of these defects in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and as such, may play a significant role in the management of complicationsassociated with diabetes mellitus.KEY WORDS: Diabetes mellitus; Immunohistochemistry; Ultrastructure; Stomach; Xylopia aethiopic.