Topic
Zinc toxicity
About: Zinc toxicity is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 727 publications have been published within this topic receiving 34583 citations. The topic is also known as: zinc poisoning.
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that nutritional immunity is deployed extracellularly, while zinc toxicity is utilized upon phagocytosis of GAS by neutrophils, and that lysosomes and azurophilic granules in neutrophil contain zinc stores for use against intracellular pathogens.
Abstract: Zinc plays an important role in host innate immune function. However, the innate immune system also utilizes zinc starvation ("nutritional immunity") to combat infections. Here, we investigate the role of zinc import and export in the protection of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus; GAS), a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of human diseases, against challenge from host innate immune defense. In order to determine the role of GAS zinc import and export during infection, we utilized zinc import (ΔadcA ΔadcAII) and export (ΔczcD) deletion mutants in competition with the wild type in both in vitro and in vivo virulence models. We demonstrate that nutritional immunity is deployed extracellularly, while zinc toxicity is utilized upon phagocytosis of GAS by neutrophils. We also show that lysosomes and azurophilic granules in neutrophils contain zinc stores for use against intracellular pathogens.
43 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of exogenous application of 28-Homobrassinolide (HBR) on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings under zinc (Zn2+) stress on glutathione (GSH) production, consumption and changes in redox status was investigated.
43 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that ZnT-1 enhances the activity of CaV3.1 and CaV 3.1 channels in a PD-98059-sensitive manner through activation of Ras-ERK signaling, which is associated with enhanced trafficking of the channel to the plasma membrane.
Abstract: Zinc transporter-1 (ZnT-1) is a putative zinc transporter that confers cellular resistance from zinc toxicity. In addition, ZnT-1 has important regulatory functions, including inhibition of L-type ...
43 citations
TL;DR: Findings show the important role of minor zinc species in organism toxicity and have wider implications because the Pit inorganic phosphate transport system is widely distributed in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Abstract: Because of its high solubility over a wide range of pH conditions, zinc is found in many natural and human-impacted systems. Zinc speciation is critical in assessing zinc toxicity to microorganisms because it varies considerably with pH and is dependent on other aqueous constituents. Combined results of thermodynamic modeling, statistical analysis, and batch culture studies using Arthrobacter sp. JM018 suggest that the toxic species may not be solely limited to the free ion, but also includes ZnHPO(4)(0)(aq). Cellular uptake of ZnHPO(4)(0)(aq) through the inorganic phosphate transporter (Pit family), which requires a neutral metal phosphate complex for phosphate transport, may explain the observed toxicity. Based on visual MINTEQ (v3.0) modeling, at 50 μM total zinc, ZnHPO(4)(0)(aq) constitutes 33, 70, and 76% of the neutral metal phosphate pool at pH 6, 7, and 8, respectively. At 50 μM total zinc, cultures supplied with organic phosphate (glycerol-3-phosphate) show no significant response to pH (p = 0.13) while inhibition of inorganic phosphate-supplemented cultures, whose neutral metal phosphates are increasingly dominated by ZnHPO(4)(0)(aq), show significant pH dependence (p = 9.45 × 10(-7)). Using sodium to decrease the distribution of ZnHPO(4)(0)(aq) in the neutral metal phosphate pool also decreased the pH dependent toxicity, further supporting this mechanism. These findings show the important role of minor zinc species in organism toxicity and have wider implications because the Pit inorganic phosphate transport system is widely distributed in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
43 citations
TL;DR: Toxicity of cadmium, copper and zinc was tested on four green algal species isolated from a highly polluted river and showed that C. ellipsoidea was the most abundant species and the less abundant species was S. acuminatus.
Abstract: Toxicity of cadmium, copper and zinc was tested on four green algal species (Ankistrodesmus fusiformis, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Monoraphidium contortum and Scenedesmus acuminatus) isolated from a highly polluted river (Matanza–Riachuelo River, Buenos Aires, Argentina). The relative abundance of these species in river waters showed that C. ellipsoidea was the most abundant species (mean 4,540 ind mL−1), whereas the less abundant species was S. acuminatus (mean 220 ind mL−1). The most sensitive species was A. fusiformis, which EC50 were Cd = 141 μg L−1, Cu = 72 μg L−1, and Zn = 199 μg L−1, whereas C. ellipsoidea was the most resistant species to copper (EC50 = 489 μg L−1) and cadmium (EC50 = 429 μg L−1), and M. contortum and S. acuminatus were the most resistant species to zinc (EC50 = 381 and 394 μg L−1, respectively).
43 citations