According to the World Health Organization, most of the world population is affected by chronic diseases, obesity, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes while another dominant problem is of aging population. Thus, it is desirable to have cost effective solutions for health monitoring, especially for countries that have minimum conventionally trained healthcare staff and infrastructure. Healthcare has shifted from hospital dominant services to patient dominant services which has thrived WBANs to provide ubiquitous health monitoring by virtue of wearable or implantable sensor nodes that commonly monitor biological signals. As the society becomes more health conscious, WBANs have the potential to revolutionize the way people integrate their health and information technology. Hence, WBANs are desired to strengthen conventional healthcare systems. Notwithstanding the current achievements, technological advances, proposed solutions and commercialized products; WBANs still experience many obstacles in their foolproof adoption. This paper surveys the plethora of WBAN applications and network architecture in detail used for data collection, data transmission and data analysis that form sensor analyst system in the realm of Internet of Things. Wireless communicational technologies are also discussed in this paper. Also, we have categorized the routing protocols and have provided with their critical qualitative analysis. Towards the end we discuss several projects in the field of WBANs and some open research areas. These findings on how the sensor nodes, newest routing protocols and data analysis techniques influence ubiquitous health monitoring sets this survey apart from the already existing surveys on WBANs.

Technological aspects of WBANs for health monitoring: a comprehensive review

In this paper a reliable, efficient in terms of power consumption and high stable network is proposed for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks. Eight sensor nodes are used from which two are recording critical data. These two sensors are not apart of multi-hopping but send data direct to the sink. Remaining six sensors are computed to become a forwarder node. Forwarder nodes gathers data from sensors and after aggregating sends ti the sink. Two parameters are set for cost function so that a forwarder node is selected. If a sensor is having minimum distance and maximum energy as compared to the entire nodes then it will be selected as forwarder node. Multi-hopping is used to reduce the distance of data communication and to save energy consumption. Simulation is carried out and shows stable results.

An Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) is a revolutionary achievement in the field of health services. The field is envisioned to play an important role in medical, psychological, and even in non-medical applications. Different routing protocols are being designed in WBAN to enhance its performance, focusing on delay, energy efficiency, throughput, and network lifetime. Line-of-sight (LoS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) communications and clustering are the least focused areas in the literature. This paper presents a routing protocol called Dual Sink approach using Clustering in Body Area Network (DSCB) which is more reliable in terms of network stability, and energy efficient in comparison to its counterparts. This protocol enhances network life-time by introducing the concept of clustering while using two sink nodes. The proposed scheme is compared with existing protocols named as SIMPLE and DARE. The cost function is established for selection of forwarder node, based on nodal distance from the sink, residual energy, and transmission power. Simulation results depict that the proposed protocol achieves significant performance improvement in network throughput by attaining 55% and 22% more efficient results compared to SIMPLE and DARE respectively. Furthermore, the results show improved performance of DSCB protocol, in terms of network stability and end-to-end delay performance metrics.

DSCB: Dual sink approach using clustering in body area network

Machine learning for wearable IoT‐based applications: A survey

A wireless body area network is a collection of Internet of Things–based wearable heterogeneous computing devices primarily used in healthcare monitoring applications. A lot of research is in proce...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1550147719853980

A priority-based congestion-avoidance routing protocol using IoT-based heterogeneous medical sensors for energy efficiency in healthcare wireless body area networks:

Wireless body area network (WBAN) calls for a next generation in wireless networks. This new generation is designed to operate autonomously, to connect various medical sensors and appliances located on or inside a human body. Mobile WBANs have been designed, offering numerous practical and innovative services so that health care and quality of life can be improved. Thus, the equipment used in WBAN is usually mobile and autonomous which imposes high constraint on energy. That is, the energy efficiency must be taken into account as one of the objectives of the routing protocol designed for this type of network. Although mobile nodes may cause link breaks, most of studies ignore the link stability. In this paper, we propose a stable, reliable, energy efficient routing protocol for mobile Wireless Body Area Networks. It preserves the residual energy of nodes with an increase network lifetime. To achieve this goal, we use an objective model to select energy-efficient paths with stable links. Simulation results demonstrate that our protocol improves the state of the art in terms of energy consumption and routing overhead.

/pdf/esr-energy-aware-and-stable-routing-protocol-for-wban-2couc0832s.pdf

Adda Kerrar

Papers

ESR: Energy aware and stable routing protocol for WBAN networks