This study advances our understanding of the contextualization of the effects of cultural intelligence (CQ). Drawing from trait activation theory and institutional theory, we develop a multi-level model showing how host countries’ informal and formal openness towards foreigners facilitate or constrain the importance of expatriates’ CQ in becoming embedded in the host organization. Furthermore, this study positions organizational embeddedness as a mediator in the association between expatriates’ CQ and a central element of expatriates’ jobs – knowledge sharing in the foreign workplace. Results from a cross-lagged survey of 1327 expatriates from 100 different nations residing in 30 host countries combined with secondary data indicate expatriate CQ relates positively to organizational embeddedness. Cross-level interaction analyses further suggest that in-group collectivism, the proxy for host countries’ informal openness towards foreigners, facilitates the importance of CQ as a predictor of expatriates’ organizational embeddedness. In contrast, CQ was not found to interact with the proxy for host countries’ formal openness towards foreigners, i.e. national immigration policies. Consistent with predictions, we identified that CQ relates positively to knowledge sharing and that organizational embeddedness carries an indirect effect. We discuss the implications for theory and practice.

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The influence of expatriate cultural intelligence on organizational embeddedness and knowledge sharing: The moderating effects of host country context

Purpose – This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the influencing factors on knowledge transfer through meta-analysis with an emphasis on the influence of cultural contexts. Design/methodology/approach – The approach involved the evaluation and analysis of 69 published empirical studies and the categorization of these studies into two groups based on different cultural contexts as described by Hofstede. A meta-analytic approach was then employed to provide a comparative analysis of the categorized studies. Findings – The results of the meta-analysis of the influencing factors of knowledge transfer are consistent with the results obtained in most previous studies, indicating a maturation of research in this area. Influencing factors such as knowledge ambiguity, tie strength, trust, and common cognition are shown to impact knowledge transfer in different cultural contexts, particularly with regard to the individualism-low power distance and collectivism-high power distance dimensions defined by Ho...

Meta-analytic comparison on the influencing factors of knowledge transfer in different cultural contexts

This present study applies the positive psychology concept of ‘savouring’ to local food (gastronomic) experiences and examines the positive emotions enjoyed by tourists based on a broaden-and-build theory (for example, love, joy, interest, and contentment) as well as the relishing processes (for example, thanksgiving, marvelling, basking and luxuriating) they use when reminiscing about their gastronomic experiences. Sixteen interviews were carried out with a sample of tourists who visited Rovaniemi, Finland. The findings show that study participants experienced particularly strong emotions of joy and interest in their reflections on their more memorable local food (gastronomic) experiences long after their holiday had ended. Taste was identified as the common central element of study participants’ more memorable local food (gastronomic) experiences while at their travel destination; moreover, taste supports the savouring process of luxuriating, which underlies physical pleasure and is a form of se...

Memories of gastronomic experiences, savoured positive emotions and savouring processes

Existing literature suggests that people's cognitive styles vary significantly across nations and cultures, and that East Asians emphasize holistic information processing and are more receptive to transformational advertising than people in the West. Yet, both theoretical rationale and empirical evidence of the effect of cognitive style on consumers' advertising responses are lacking. This study proposes a congruency-activation model and adopts a three by two experimental design to examine Chinese consumers' attitude towards different advertisements. The results indicate that Chinese consumers prefer transformational and integrated ads to informational ads under both low and high involvement conditions. Protocol analysis shows that Chinese consumers engage in more affective processing than cognitive thoughts. Thus, marketers should consider the effect of the cognitive style of indigenous consumers when devising international advertising strategies.

Culture, cognitive style and consumer response to informational vs. transformational advertising among East Asians: Evidence from the PRC

Background

This study investigated the associations of savoring with cancer-specific physical symptoms, psychological distress, and psychological well-being and the moderating effect of savoring in the associations between physical symptoms and psychological outcomes among cancer patients.



Methods

A total of 263 Chinese adults recently diagnosed with cancer (mean time since diagnosis = 43.72 days, SD = 38.20) were recruited and administered a questionnaire assessing cancer-specific physical symptoms, perceived capability of savoring the moment, psychological distress, and psychological well-being within six months following diagnosis.



Results

Structural equation modeling revealed significant associations of savoring with physical symptoms and psychological distress and well-being (β = −0.41–0.54, p < 0.0001). Savoring significantly moderated the association between physical symptoms and depressive symptoms. Simple slope tests revealed that the association was not significant at higher levels of savoring (estimate = 0.15, z = 0.49, p = 0.62) whereas it was stronger at lower (estimate = 1.11, z = 4.81, p < 0.001) and medium (estimate = 0.63, z = 3.04, p < 0.01) levels of savoring. The effects of demographic and medical covariates were controlled for in all models.



Conclusions

The findings suggest that savoring is positively associated with physical and psychological functioning among people with cancer. The link between physical symptoms and depressive symptoms could be exacerbated at lower levels of savoring. Fostering savoring beliefs and practices could be a significant psychological component of symptom management among cancer patients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Savoring moderates the association between cancer-specific physical symptoms and depressive symptoms

Building on the research in positive psychology, the current study examines the impact of employee savouring on building perceived job performance and tested the extent to which an individual positive affectivity moderated the relationship of savouring and job performance. Using survey responses from 357 salespeople in six Taiwanese insurance companies, the results of hierarchical regression analyses show that savouring is positively related to perceived job performance. In addition, the relationship between savouring and perceived job performance was moderated by employees' positive affectivity. The implications of these results and the limitations of the research are discussed.

Savouring and perceived job performance in positive psychology: Moderating role of positive affectivity: Savouring and job performance

This study explored the effects of cognitive-style congruency on knowledge transfer in the mentor–protege dyadic relationship and the moderating effect of tacitness of knowledge in this relationship. Using data from 148 sales personnel dyads, we found that the more congruent the cognitive style between a mentor and a protege, the more effective the knowledge transfer between them. Moreover, the tacitness of knowledge moderated this association as expected. When the knowledge to be transferred was organized, systematic, and clear, this positive relationship was weakened. This relationship was particularly strong when the knowledge to be transferred was tacit, ambiguous, and unclear.

Is more similar, better? Interacting effect of the cognitive-style congruency and tacitness of knowledge on knowledge transfer in the mentor-protégé dyad: Mentor-protégé and knowledge transfer

Chia-Wu Lin

Papers

Savouring and perceived job performance in positive psychology: Moderating role of positive affectivity: Savouring and job performance

Is more similar, better? Interacting effect of the cognitive-style congruency and tacitness of knowledge on knowledge transfer in the mentor-protégé dyad: Mentor-protégé and knowledge transfer