This book distills out of the rich vein of sociological research some of what is known about the structure of stratification in the United States. It emphasizes the importance of power for understanding the structure of stratification.

The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States, The, CourseSmart eTextbook

The main purpose of this research is to study the role and impact force of macroeconomic stability on economic growth in the period from 2000 to 2016, using the modified Cobbâ€“Douglas production function. The results of Global Competitiveness Report, published by World Economic Forum, demonstrated that at the existing level of economic growth in Ukraine the basic drivers for improvement of the country's competitiveness are necessary to be considered for building of the production function.

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Macroeconomic Stability and Its Impact on the Economic Growth of the Country

The main objective of this research is to study the role and impact of fiscal decentralization on the macroeconomic stability of the country. The paper analyzes and systematizes approaches to the definition of ‘macroeconomic stability’ concept. The key factors that impact macroeconomic stability are identified. In the framework of this research, the authors identify fiscal decentralization as one of the factors affecting macroeconomic stability. To determine the strength and statistical significance of the above mentioned relationship, the authors suggest presenting macroeconomic stability as a functional dependency between macroeconomic stability and the level of fiscal decentralization, which is described by the following variables: the growth rate of money supply, investment and openness of the economy, fiscal decentralization. In this case, it is suggested to determine the level of fiscal decentralization in three directions: expenditure decentralization, revenue decentralization and expenditure decentralization simultaneously. Leonid Melnyk (Ukraine), Lina Sineviciene (Lithuania), Oleksii Lyulyov (Ukraine), Tetyana Pimonenko (Ukraine), Iryna Dehtyarova (Ukraine) BUSINESS PERSPECTIVES LLC “СPС “Business Perspectives” Hryhorii Skovoroda lane, 10, Sumy, 40022, Ukraine www.businessperspectives.org FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION AND MACROECONOMIC STABILITY: THE EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE’S ECONOMY Received on: 11th of October, 2017 Accepted on: 26th of November, 2017

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Fiscal decentralization and macroeconomic stability: the experience of Ukraine’s economy

Background: One of the biggest challenges in subsidizing premiums of poor households for community health insurance is the identification and selection of these households. Generally, poverty assessments in developing countries are based on monetary terms. The household is regarded as poor if its income or consumption is lower than a predefined poverty cut-off. These measures fail to recognize the multi-dimensional character of poverty, ignoring community members’ perception and understanding of poverty, leaving them voiceless and powerless in the identification process. Realizing this, the steering committee of Nouna’s health insurance devised a method to involve community members to better define ‘perceived’ poverty, using this as a key element for the poor selection. The community-identified poor were then used to effectively target premium subsidies for the insurance scheme. Methods: The study was conducted in the Nouna’s Health District located in northwest Burkina Faso. Participants in each village were selected to take part in focus-group discussions (FGD) organized in 41 villages and 7 sectors of Nouna’s town to discuss criteria and perceptions of poverty. The discussions were audio recorded, transcribed and analyzed in French using the software NVivo 9. Results: From the FGD on poverty and the subjective definitions and perceptions of the community members, we found that poverty was mainly seen as scarcity of basic needs, vulnerability, deprivation of capacities, powerlessness, voicelessness, indecent living conditions, and absence of social capital and community networks for support in times of need. Criteria and poverty groups as described by community members can be used to identify poor who can then be targeted for subsidies. Conclusion: Policies targeting the poorest require the establishment of effective selection strategies. These policies are well-conditioned by proper identification of the poor people. Community perceptions and criteria of poverty are grounded in reality, to better appreciate the issue. It is crucial to take these perceptions into account in undertaking community development actions which target the poor. For most community-based health insurance schemes with limited financial resources, using a community-based definition of poverty in the targeting of the poorest might be a less costly alternative.

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Using a community-based definition of poverty for targeting poor households for premium subsidies in the context of a community health insurance in Burkina Faso.

Cette these examine le phenomene de la competitivite territoriale selon la Nouvelle economie geographique (NEG). Tandis que nous pensons que la competitivite regionale est la capacite des territoires a attirer les facteurs de production mobiles, ce sujet revet une importance accrue dans une economie mondialisee. La these est structuree de la maniere suivante : le premier chapitre tente de positionner le debat dans le cadre de la NEG. Apres avoir opte pour une vision theorique du probleme, dans le chapitre 2 nous orienterons le debat vers la creation d’une nouvelle definition, qui servira de fondement a la partie empirique. Le troisieme chapitre propose un indice composite pour les regions europeennes. Il discute des choix territoriaux, temporels, methodologiques et conceptuels, tout en presentant et interpretant les resultats a la lumiere de la NEG. Les resultats de ce chapitre posent surtout la question du lien entre la competitivite des regions et la croissance des pays, et c’est donc pour cela que nous presenterons de facon detaillee le role des politiques de gestion de ce processus.

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Les facteurs de la compétitivité régionale

Many poverty authors point out that the various ways poverty is conceptualized and measured are very crucial because different poverty measures tend to capture different people as poor. The main focus of this research is to review the theoretical and empirical research on theories of poverty, poverty measures and outcomes. Subsequently, we discuss conceptual framework of the different poverty measures.

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Theories of Poverty: A Comparative Analysis

Effect of macroeconomic instability on the economic growth through the use of time series data and macroeconomic instability indicator in the years from 1974 to 2008 is the main objective of this study. For this purpose, a regression equation has been used based on neoclassical endogenous growth model. The results, within the framework of collective method and vector error correction model, show that economic growth in Iran has a long-term relationship with the macroeconomic instability. In other words, changes in macroeconomic instability indicators will be associated with the increase (decrease) of economic growth in the long run. Also, the obtained results show that although population growth rate is effective on the long-term economic growth, it is not influenced by the consequences of this effect. In fact, this variable is weak in comparison with other exogenous variables in the short run.

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The Effect of Macroeconomic Instability on Economic Growth in Iran

There is no unique threshold between stability and instability for each macroeconomic variable. Rather, there is a continuum of combinations of levels of key macroeconomic variables, including growth, inflation, fiscal deficit, current account deficit, and international reserves, that together can indicate macroeconomic instability. The combination of these factors can make it relatively easy to identify a country in a state of macroeconomic instability or stability. In this paper we investigate the macroeconomic instability and it's outcome in Iran by a self-made index and filtering algorithms ( KLR). The result shows that, in the years in which the macroeconomic instability has increased, the economic growth has been affected and decreased. It seems that the macroeconomic instability is a serious barrier against the economic growth of the country.

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Outcome of Macroeconomic Instability (A Case for Iran)

Energy consumption has continued to attract public attention, especially in vehicles for transportation. A variety of emerging technologies have been proposed and/or developed to address these issues. Due to the use of electric batteries, electric vehicles have been widely regarded as a very promising in reducing fuel consumption and traffic-related polluting emissions in recent years. Eco-driving is now considered to be a major way of reducing the energy consumption linked to transportation based on the idea that there are different ways of driving a specific journey that are not equivalent from an energy point of view. Eventually, the main goal of this work is to find the optimal one. Current research has shown that additional energy savings can be achieved through the application of an eco-driving system in electromobility using friction models and energy consumption patterns. Results indicate an approximate improvement in energy savings over traditional eco-driving strategies, particularly on trajectories with high traffic density.

Hassan Karnameh Haghighi

Papers

Theories of Poverty: A Comparative Analysis

The Effect of Macroeconomic Instability on Economic Growth in Iran

Outcome of Macroeconomic Instability (A Case for Iran)

Impact of Eco-Driving on Energy Consumption of an Electric Vehicle