Overview and Basic Principles. Physiological and Psychological Foundations of Sensory Function. Principles of Good Practise. Discrimination Testing. Discrimination Theories and Advanced Topics. Threshold Testing as a Special Case of Discrimination Tests. Scaling Models and Numerical Measurement. Time Intensity Methods. Context Effects and Biases. Descriptive Analysis. Texture. Color and Appearance Measurement. Acceptance and Preference Testing - Laboratory Applications. Acceptance and Preference Testing - Consumer Tests Outside the Laboratory. Qualitative Research Methods. Data Relationships & Multivariate Applications. Strategic Research. Overview and Recap. Statistical Appendices.

Sensory Evaluation of Food: Principles and Practices

During the past 20 years, research in the behavioral sciences has become increasingly sophisticated. New findings concerning the brain and behavior have forced upon us the unpleasant necessity of reexamining our models. Concepts once useful, such as "the unconscious," "regression," and "motivation," no longer serve to adequately encompass the data. Ashby is a representative of this new order of sophistication in research, as he proceeds to investigate the problem of the brain's orderliness. He accepts, as fact, that the nervous system behaves adaptively and assumes that it is, in its essentials, mechanistic. These two data are approached as not irreconcilable. From this point, he proceeds to examine dynamic systems from the standpoint of rigorous scientific —dominantly mathematical—logic until he has evolved a theoretical counterpart of brain functioning. He then builds and experiments with a prototype electronic model, which he names the "Homeostat," and tests various aspects of his theories of

Design for a Brain

Production and characteristics of protein hydrolysates from capelin (Mallotus villosus)

Abnormalities in functional connectivity between brain areas have been postulated as an important pathophysiological mechanism underlying schizophrenia. In particular, macroscopic measurements of brain activity in patients suggest that functional connectivity between the frontal and temporal lobes may be altered. However, it remains unclear whether such dysconnectivity relates to the aetiology of the illness, and how it is manifested in the activity of neural circuits. Because schizophrenia has a strong genetic component, animal models of genetic risk factors are likely to aid our understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the disease. Here we study Df(16)A(+/-) mice, which model a microdeletion on human chromosome 22 (22q11.2) that constitutes one of the largest known genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. To examine functional connectivity in these mice, we measured the synchronization of neural activity between the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex during the performance of a task requiring working memory, which is one of the cognitive functions disrupted in the disease. In wild-type mice, hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony increased during working memory performance, consistent with previous reports in rats. Df(16)A(+/-) mice, which are impaired in the acquisition of the task, showed drastically reduced synchrony, measured both by phase-locking of prefrontal cells to hippocampal theta oscillations and by coherence of prefrontal and hippocampal local field potentials. Furthermore, the magnitude of hippocampal-prefrontal coherence at the onset of training could be used to predict the time it took the Df(16)A(+/-) mice to learn the task and increased more slowly during task acquisition. These data suggest how the deficits in functional connectivity observed in patients with schizophrenia may be realized at the single-neuron level. Our findings further suggest that impaired long-range synchrony of neural activity is one consequence of the 22q11.2 deletion and may be a fundamental component of the pathophysiology underlying schizophrenia.

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Impaired hippocampal–prefrontal synchrony in a genetic mouse model of schizophrenia

The color, flavor, texture, and the nutritional value of fresh-cut fruit and vegetable products are factors critical to consumer acceptance and the success of these products. In this chapter, desirable and undesirable quality attributes of fresh-cut fruit and vegetable products are reviewed. Both instrumental and sensory measurements for determining these critical quality attributes are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of sensory and instrumental quality measurements are described. A review of typical unit operations involved in the production of fresh-cut products is presented. The effects of fresh-cut processing techniques and treatments on sensory quality, including the appearance, texture, flavor (taste and aroma) of vegetables, and fruits are detailed.

/pdf/color-flavor-texture-and-nutritional-quality-of-fresh-cut-4peev5sav8.pdf

Color, Flavor, Texture, and Nutritional Quality of Fresh-Cut Fruits and Vegetables: Desirable Levels, Instrumental and Sensory Measurement, and the Effects of Processing

Introduction to Sensory Evaluation. The Organization and Operation of a Sensory Evaluation Program. Measurement. Test Strategy and the Design of Experiments. Discrimination Testing. Descriptive Analysis. Affective Testing. Special Problems. Epilogue. References. Index.

Sensory evaluation practices

Sensory Evaluation by Quantitative Descriptive Analysis

Publisher Summary
This chapter deals with the descriptive analysis, which is the most sophisticated concept in the sensory analysis of products. Descriptive methods were designed to analyze products with a high degree of reliability and precision. Results from a descriptive analysis test provide complete sensory descriptions of an array of products, the basis for mapping product similarities and differences, and a basis for determining sensory attributes. The chapter classifies six test methods for descriptive analysis, according to whether the results are qualitative or quantitative. The test methods described in the chapter are: flavor profile, texture profile, quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA method), spectrum descriptive analysis, free-choice profiling, and diagnostic descriptive analysis. The development of the methodology has been traced from the use of a product expert through the more formal and rigorous approach applied in the QDA method. The QDA methodology emphasizes on the behavioral basis of the judgment process and combines with a rigorous approach to assess response reliability.

Herbert Stone

Papers

Sensory evaluation practices

Sensory Evaluation by Quantitative Descriptive Analysis

6 – Descriptive Analysis

Quantitative descriptive analysis: developments, applications and the future

定量的に記述された分析結果(qda法)による官能試験の評価