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An overview of the self-organizing map algorithm, on which the papers in this issue are based, is presented in this article.

The Self-Organizing Map

Surveillance videos are able to capture a variety of realistic anomalies. In this paper, we propose to learn anomalies by exploiting both normal and anomalous videos. To avoid annotating the anomalous segments or clips in training videos, which is very time consuming, we propose to learn anomaly through the deep multiple instance ranking framework by leveraging weakly labeled training videos, i.e. the training labels (anomalous or normal) are at video-level instead of clip-level. In our approach, we consider normal and anomalous videos as bags and video segments as instances in multiple instance learning (MIL), and automatically learn a deep anomaly ranking model that predicts high anomaly scores for anomalous video segments. Furthermore, we introduce sparsity and temporal smoothness constraints in the ranking loss function to better localize anomaly during training. We also introduce a new large-scale first of its kind dataset of 128 hours of videos. It consists of 1900 long and untrimmed real-world surveillance videos, with 13 realistic anomalies such as fighting, road accident, burglary, robbery, etc. as well as normal activities. This dataset can be used for two tasks. First, general anomaly detection considering all anomalies in one group and all normal activities in another group. Second, for recognizing each of 13 anomalous activities. Our experimental results show that our MIL method for anomaly detection achieves significant improvement on anomaly detection performance as compared to the state-of-the-art approaches. We provide the results of several recent deep learning baselines on anomalous activity recognition. The low recognition performance of these baselines reveals that our dataset is very challenging and opens more opportunities for future work. The dataset is available at: http://crcv.ucf.edu/projects/real-world/

/pdf/real-world-anomaly-detection-in-surveillance-videos-4jb8p2a0v1.pdf

Real-World Anomaly Detection in Surveillance Videos

Face recognition presents a challenging problem in the field of image analysis and computer vision, and as such has received a great deal of attention over the last few years because of its many applications in various domains. Face recognition techniques can be broadly divided into three categories based on the face data acquisition methodology: methods that operate on intensity images; those that deal with video sequences; and those that require other sensory data such as 3D information or infra-red imagery. In this paper, an overview of some of the well-known methods in each of these categories is provided and some of the benefits and drawbacks of the schemes mentioned therein are examined. Furthermore, a discussion outlining the incentive for using face recognition, the applications of this technology, and some of the difficulties plaguing current systems with regard to this task has also been provided. This paper also mentions some of the most recent algorithms developed for this purpose and attempts to give an idea of the state of the art of face recognition technology.

https://www.koreascience.or.kr:443/article/JAKO200920237949770.pdf

A Survey of Face Recognition Techniques

Estimating crowd count in densely crowded scenes is an extremely challenging task due to non-uniform scale variations. In this paper, we propose a novel end-to-end cascaded network of CNNs to jointly learn crowd count classification and density map estimation. Classifying crowd count into various groups is tantamount to coarsely estimating the total count in the image thereby incorporating a high-level prior into the density estimation network. This enables the layers in the network to learn globally relevant discriminative features which aid in estimating highly refined density maps with lower count error. The joint training is performed in an end-to-end fashion. Extensive experiments on highly challenging publicly available datasets show that the proposed method achieves lower count error and better quality density maps as compared to the recent state-of-the-art methods.

CNN-Based cascaded multi-task learning of high-level prior and density estimation for crowd counting

This paper introduces a novel method for the recognition of human faces in digital images using a new feature extraction method that combines the global and local information in frontal view of facial images. Radial basis function (RBF) neural network with a hybrid learning algorithm (HLA) has been used as a classifier. The proposed feature extraction method includes human face localization derived from the shape information. An efficient distance measure as facial candidate threshold (FCT) is defined to distinguish between face and nonface images. Pseudo-Zernike moment invariant (PZMI) with an efficient method for selecting moment order has been used. A newly defined parameter named axis correction ratio (ACR) of images for disregarding irrelevant information of face images is introduced. In this paper, the effect of these parameters in disregarding irrelevant information in recognition rate improvement is studied. Also we evaluate the effect of orders of PZMI in recognition rate of the proposed technique as well as RBF neural network learning speed. Simulation results on the face database of Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) indicate that the proposed method for human face recognition yielded a recognition rate of 99.3%.

/pdf/an-efficient-feature-extraction-method-with-pseudo-zernike-3km9oh1wv1.pdf

An efficient feature extraction method with pseudo-Zernike moment in RBF neural network-based human face recognition system

This paper introduces a novel method for the recognition of human faces in two-dimensional digital images using a new feature extraction method and Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network with a Hybrid Learning Algorithm (HLA) as classifier. The proposed feature extraction method includes human face localization derived from the shape information using a proposed distance measure as Facial Candidate Threshold (FCT) as well as Pseudo Zernike Moment Invariant (PZMI) with a newly defined parameter named Correct Information Ratio (CIR) of images for disregarding irrelevant information of face images. In this paper, the effect of these parameters in disregarding irrelevant information in recognition rate improvement is studied. Also we evaluate the effect of orders of PZMI in recognition rate of the proposed technique as well as learning speed. Simulation results on the face database of Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) indicate that high order PZMI together with the derived face localization technique for extraction of feature data yielded a recognition rate of 99.3%.

An efficient human face recognition system using pseudo zernike moment invariant and radial basis function neural network

This paper introduced an experimental evolution of the effectiveness of utilizing various moments as pattern features in human face technology. In this paper, we apply pseudo Zernike moments (PZM) for recognition of human faces in two-dimensional images, and we compare their performance with other type of moments. The moments that we have used are Zernike moments (ZM), pseudo Zernike moments (PZM) and Legendre moments (LM). We have used shape information for human face localization, also we have used a radial basis function (RBF) neural network as a classifier for this application. The performance of classification is dependent on the moment order as well as the type of moment invariant, but the classification error rate was below %10 in all cases. Simulation results on the face database of Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) indicate that high order degree pseudo Zernike moments contain very useful information about face recognition process, while low order degree moments contain information about face expression.

Neural network based face recognition with moment invariants

Purpose The automatic detection of epileptic seizures in EEG data from extended recordings can make an important contribution to the diagnosis of epilepsy as it can efficiently reduce the workload of medical staff. Methods This paper describes how features based on cross-bispectrum can help with the detection of epileptic seizure activity in EEG data. Features were extracted from multi-channel intracranial EEG (iEEG) data from the Freiburg iEEG recordings of 21 patients with focal epilepsy. These features were used as a support vector machine classifier input to discriminate ictal from inter-ictal states. A post-processing method was applied to the classifier output in order to improve classification accuracy. Results A sensitivity of 95.8%, specificity of 96.7%, and accuracy of 96.8% were achieved. The false detection rate (FDR) was zero for 10 patients and very low for the rest. Conclusions The results show that the proposed method distinguishes better between ictal and inter-ictal iEEG epochs than other seizure detection methods. The proposed method has a higher accuracy index than achievable with a number of previously described approaches. Also, the method is rapid and easy and may be helpful in online epileptic seizure detection and prediction systems.

Epileptic seizure detection using cross-bispectrum of electroencephalogram signal.

This paper presents a fuzzy hybrid learning algorithm (FHLA) for the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). The method determines the number of hidden neurons in the RBFNN structure by using cluster validity indices with majority rule while the characteristics of the hidden neurons are initialized based on advanced fuzzy clustering. The FHLA combines the gradient method and the linear least-squared method for adjusting the RBF parameters and the neural network connection weights. The RBFNN with the proposed FHLA is used as a classifier in a face recognition system. The inputs to the RBFNN are the feature vectors obtained by combining shape information and principal component analysis. The designed RBFNN with the proposed FHLA, while providing a faster convergence in the training phase, requires a hidden layer with fewer neurons and less sensitivity to the training and testing patterns. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated on the ORL and Yale face databases, and comparison with other algorithms indicates that the FHLA yields excellent recognition rate in human face recognition.

Javad Haddadnia

Papers

An efficient feature extraction method with pseudo-Zernike moment in RBF neural network-based human face recognition system

An efficient human face recognition system using pseudo zernike moment invariant and radial basis function neural network

Neural network based face recognition with moment invariants

Epileptic seizure detection using cross-bispectrum of electroencephalogram signal.

A Fuzzy Hybrid Learning Algorithm for Radial Basis Function Neural Network