Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Research demonstrates that rejection sensitivity develops through early, continuing, or acute experiences of rejection from caregivers and significant others. Rejection sensitivity refers to individuals who anxiously or angrily expect, readily perceive, and intensely react to rejection. The question regarding why rejection is feared by rejection sensitive individuals remains unanswered by existing rejection sensitivity literature. Therefore, the current study answers this question using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to analyse 8 participants' experiences of rejection sensitivity. Four superordinate themes emerged: `experiences of parenting'; `impact of rejection'; `coping with the concept of rejection'; and `identity'. The primary fundamental finding indicates that rejection sensitivity is the same concept as abandonment anxiety. Participants in the current study demonstrate both rejection sensitivity and abandonment anxiety. Furthermore, the origins and characteristics of both concepts are identified as the same. Therefore, these findings indicate that rejection is feared for the same reason that abandonment is feared. In childhood, abandonment is experienced as terrifying and therefore defences are adopted to avoid further abandonment. The concept of `past in present' means that childhood feelings can be timelessly re-experienced in adulthood as actual and unchanged. Therefore, later rejection situations are perceived as abandonment and accordingly alert an individual to impending danger. As a result, rejection is feared because it is perceived as abandonment and as a threat to survival. This finding is fundamental to the fields of rejection sensitivity and abandonment anxiety, in terms of research and therapeutic work with clients. Integrating existing literature provides much greater depth of knowledge and support for these concepts. Recommended therapeutic approaches for abandonment anxiety can also inform interventions for rejection sensitive clients. Findings also suggest that participants experience annihilation anxiety in relation to perceived rejection, which further increases fear. Clinical applications and implications with respect to the findings arc discussed.

Interpretative phenomenological analysis

Preface All individuals exist in social, political, historical, and economic contexts, and psychologists are increasingly called upon to understand the influence of these contexts on individuals’ behavior. The “Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists” reflect the continuing evolution of the study of psychology, changes in society at large, and emerging data about the different needs of particular individuals and groups historically marginalized or disenfranchised within and by psychology based on their ethnic/racial heritage and social group identity or membership. These “Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists” reflect knowledge and skills needed for the profession in the midst of dramatic historic sociopolitical changes in U.S. society, as well as needs of new constituencies, markets, and clients. The specific goals of these guidelines are to provide psychologists with (a) the rationale and needs for addressing multiculturalism and diversity in education, training, research, practice, and organizational change; (b) basic information, relevant terminology, current empirical research from psychology and related disciplines, and other data that support the proposed guidelines and underscore their importance; (c) references to enhance ongoing education, training, research, practice, and organizational change methodologies; and (d) paradigms that broaden the purview of psychology as a profession.

Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists

People are generally unaware of the operation of the system of cognitive mechanisms that ameliorate their experience of negative affect (the psychological immune system), and thus they tend to overestimate the duration of their affective reactions to negative events. This tendency was demonstrated in 6 studies in which participants overestimated the duration of their affective reactions to the dissolution of a romantic relationship, the failure to achieve tenure, an electoral defeat, negative personality feedback, an account of a child's death, and rejection by a prospective employer. Participants failed to distinguish between situations in which their psychological immune systems would and would not be likely to operate and mistakenly predicted overly and equally enduring affective reactions in both instances. The present experiments suggest that people neglect the psychological immune system when making affective forecasts.

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Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting.

As increasingly more people experience old age as a time of growth and productivity, theoretical attention to successful ageing is needed. In this paper, we overview historical, societal and philosophical evidence for a deep, long-standing ambivalence about human ageing that has influenced even scientific views of old age. In recent years, however, discussion of the psychological and behavioural processes people use to maintain and reach new goals in late life has gained momentum. We contribute to this discussion the metamodel of selective optimisation with compensation, developed by Baltes and Baltes. The model is a metamodel that attempts to represent scientific knowledge about the nature of development and ageing with the focus on successful adaptation. The model takes gains and losses jointly into account, pays attention to the great heterogeneity in ageing and successful ageing, and views successful mastery of goals in the face of losses endemic to advanced age as the result of the interplay of the three processes, selection, compensation, and optimisation. We review evidence from the biological and social science literatures for each component and discuss new research avenues to study the interaction of the three processes.

/pdf/the-process-of-successful-ageing-2y8swdsbbw.pdf

The Process of Successful Ageing

Study Guide and Self-Examination Review for Synopsis of Psychiatry and Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry , by Harold I. Kaplan and Benjamin J. Sadock, 4thed, 442pp, ISBN0-683-04535-0, Baltimore, Md, Williams & Wilkins, 1991. Pocket Handbook of Clinical Psychiatry , by Harold I. Kaplan and Benjamin J. Sadock, 335 pp, ISBN 0-683-04523-7, Baltimore, Md, Williams & Wilkins, 1990. Comprehensive Glossary of Psychiatry and Psychology , by Harold I. Kaplan and Benjamin J. Sadock, 215 pp, paper $14.95, ISBN 0-683-04527-X, Baltimore, Md, Williams & Wilkins, 1991. Other physicians have complained for years that psychiatrists speak an idiosyncratic and generally incomprehensible language that excludes them from the mainstream of medicine. The decline of psychoanalysis and the "remedicalization" of psychiatry have helped reopen the dialogue among psychiatrists, their patients, and their medical peers. Crucial to this process has been the availability of psychiatric textbooks that synthesize (or gloss over) the internal contradictions of current psychiatric theory and present

Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychiatry

Most longitudinal studies of adult development end in middle or late middle age. The logistical difficulties of following up people for prolonged periods may only partially explain this gap in our knowledge. Another explanation is that most developmental researchers have not yet themselves reached old age. Their personal inexperience with this stage of life is a significant handicap in their ability to understand the questions it raises.Erik Erikson, the 95-year-old grandfather of the empirical study of normal development, is in a unique position to fill this gap in psychological research. Along with his wife and a younger colleague, he had followed up a group first encountered as parents of children studied developmentally since the 1930s. In Vital Involvement in Old Age, the three investigators present the results of their interviews with these 29 men and women, aged 75 to 95 years. Unlike the subjects of cross-sectional studies of the

Vital Involvement in Old Age

ContextWhile exposure to and attitudes about drug company interactions among residents have been studied extensively, relatively little is known about relationships between drug companies and medical students.ObjectiveTo measure third-year medical students’ exposure to and attitudes about drug company interactions.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn 2003, we distributed a 64-item anonymous survey to 1143 third-year students at 8 US medical schools, exploring their exposure and response to drug company interactions. The schools’ characteristics included a wide spectrum of ownership types, National Institutes of Health funding, and geographic locations. In 2005, we conducted a national survey of student affairs deans to measure the prevalence of school-wide policies on drug company–medical student interactions.Main Outcome MeasuresMonthly frequency of students’ exposure to various activities and gifts during clerkships, and attitudes about receiving gifts.ResultsOverall response rate was 826/1143 (72.3%), with range among schools of 30.9%-90.7%. Mean exposure for each student was 1 gift or sponsored activity per week. Of respondents, 762/818 (93.2%) were asked or required by a physician to attend at least 1 sponsored lunch. Regarding attitudes, 556/808 (68.8%) believed gifts would not influence their practices and 464/804 (57.7%) believed gifts would not affect colleagues’ practices. Of the students, 553/604 (80.3%) believed that they were entitled to gifts. Of 183 students who thought a gift valued at less than $50 was inappropriate, 158 (86.3%) had accepted one. The number of students who simultaneously believed that sponsored grand rounds are educationally helpful and are likely to be biased was 452/758 (59.6%). Students at 1 school who had attended a seminar about drug company–physician relationships were no more likely than the nonattending classmates to show skepticism. Of the respondents, 704/822 (85.6%) did not know if their school had a policy on these relationships. In a national survey of student affairs deans, among the 99 who knew their policy status, only 10 (10.1%) reported having school-wide policies about these interactions.ConclusionsStudent experiences and attitudes suggest that as a group they are at risk for unrecognized influence by marketing efforts. Research should focus on evaluating methods to limit these experiences and affect the development of students’ attitudes to ensure that physicians’ decisions are based solely on helping each patient achieve the greatest possible benefit.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/201475/joc50088.pdf

Medical Students’ Exposure to and Attitudes About Drug Company Interactions: A National Survey

Many of us enter medicine with the hope that facing and caring for suffering people will make us not only good (and rich) but wise. In reality, few physicians enjoy the systematic experience or the support for reflection that might allow them to develop more than curbside wisdom about human nature and what gives life meaning. George Vaillant, a widely acclaimed researcher on adult development and on alcoholism, is one of a handful of master clinician-researchers whose work enhances our understanding not only of disease, but of human character in all its vulnerability and resilience. Vaillant's latest book,The Wisdom of the Ego, focuses on the nature and evolution of psychological defenses over the course of adult life. In the tradition of Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, and Erik Erikson, Vaillant defines defenses as mental operations that mediate between neurological impulse, learned cultural precepts, social interaction, and the material world. These

The Wisdom of the Ego

https://www.emed.theclinics.com/article/S0733-8627(05)70089-4/pdf

Julia B. Frank

Papers

Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychiatry

Vital Involvement in Old Age

Medical Students’ Exposure to and Attitudes About Drug Company Interactions: A National Survey

The Wisdom of the Ego

Review of psychological issues in victims of domestic violence seen in emergency settings.