Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs, seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products, interest particularly in edible plants has grown throughout the world. Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds. The focus of this paper is on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations. The common problems and key challenges in the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations are discussed. As extraction is the most important step in the analysis of constituents present in botanicals and herbal preparations, the strengths and weaknesses of different extraction techniques are discussed. The analysis of bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts involving the applications of common phytochemical screening assays, chromatographic techniques such as HPLC and, TLC as well as non-chromatographic techniques such as immunoassay and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) are discussed.

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Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Plants' Extracts

https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2322315/159586_447548.pdf

Medicinal plants used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria in the Chipinge district in Zimbabwe

Saponin has various types; it can be bond with glycosides that form soapy lathers when mixed and agitated with water, and have been used to treat diabetes; liver, hepatitis, cardiovascular as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and physical stress. In this study describe of saponins compound in Binahong, one of medicinal plant investigated from these plant probably contribute to the effectiveness the above plant for treatment several diseases. The sample were dried by oven (60 o C) to be powder and extracted with solvents. After that used qualitative and quantitative test. The result of Binahong plant contains saponins compound on all a part of the Binahong plant, are positive indicate of presence of saponins triterpenoid and steroid. . Moreover crude of saponins substances from Leaves (28.14±0.22), Stems (3.65±011) and Tubers (43.15±0.10) of mg/g. The research showed of the Binahong plant, importance of the distribution of determination of saponins compound from plant, has a potential to treatment for several diseases

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Determination of Saponin Compound from Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steenis Plant (Binahong) to Potential Treatment for Several Diseases

Momordica charantia is used for some medicinal purposes in traditional medicine. The nutritional and chemical compositions of M. charantia were investigated using standard analytical methods. The proximate composition showed the percentage moisture, ash, crude lipid, crude fibre, crude protein and carbohydrate content of the plant materials. The calorific values for leaf, fruit and seed were 213.26, 241.66 and 176.61 Kcal/100 g respectively. The elemental analysis of M. charantia leaf revealed the presence of potassium (413 ppm), sodium (2200 ppm), calcium (20510 ppm) as well as zinc (120 ppm). Other elements found present in the leaf include magnesium, iron, manganese and copper. Vitamin A (β-carotene) (0.03 ppm), vitamin E (α-tocopherol) (800 ppm), folic acid (20600 ppm), cyanocobalamin (5355 ppm) and ascorbic acid (66000 ppm) were present. Trace amount of some other vitamins such as niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6) cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) and phylloquinone (Vitamin K) were also found present in the methanolic and pet-ether leaf extract of M. charantia. Phytochemicals like alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and glycosides were also found present. The study indicates the presence of nutritional and chemical components that are beneficial in addition to the purported numerous medicinal values of the plant.

	 

	Key words: Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Momordica charantia, nutrition, phytochemicals, vitamins.

Nutritional and chemical evaluation of Momordica charantia

The aqueos and ethanol extracts of the leaves, bark and roots of Senna hirsuta, Landolphia dulcis and Daniella oliveri were examined for possible sources of antimicrobial activities and phytochemical constitu ents. The preliminary evaluations of both the aqueous and ethanol extracts exhibited app reciable inhibitory activities on the tested pathogenic bacterial isolates at concentrati on of 20mg m/L. S.hirsuta showed more therapeutic activity where the aqueous extract of t he leaves displayed inhibitory potency (30-37mm) in diameter on the tested bacterial isola tes. The ethanol extract of the leaves showed inhibitory halo of between (30-38mm) in diameter. However, the leaves extracts of other plants as well demonstrated higher antibac terial potency than the bark and roots extracts. Saponins and alkaloids were recorded pres ent in all the plants parts. While highest saponins constituent (5.10±0.11%) was recor ded in the leaves extracts of L.dulcis , alkaloids was also highest in its leaves extract with a value of 2.98±0.12 %. The MIC of the extracts was similar in all the plants p arts. The values ranged between 1.2510mg/ ml. Keyword: Antibacterial; Medicinal plants .

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Antibacterial and Phytochemical Evaluation of Three Medicinal Plants

The present paper deals with the phytochemical screening of therapeutic importance from Strychnos potatorum L.f., an important medicinal plant. This study involves the preliminary screening, quantitative determination and the qualitative thin layer chromatographic separation of secondary metabolites from the root, stem bark and seeds (collected and market) of S.potatorum. Further, HPLC alkaloid profile of the seed has been studied. The generated data has provided the basis for its wide use as the therapeutant both in the traditional and folk medicines.

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Phytochemical Studies of Strychnos potatorum L.f.- A Medicinal Plant

Medicinal plants are the treasure house of secondary metabolites. Production of seconmdary metabolites through micro propagation technology has immense application in new drug discoveries. Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton - is a latex secreting medicinal herb commonly known as black creeper or Krishna Sariva belonging to the family Apocyanaceae.The present study was aimed at induction of callus from the leaf explants of I. frutescens using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various combinations of plant growth regulators. Maximum amount of green compact mass of callus was proliferated from leaf explants on MS medium fortified with 3mg/L NAA + 2mg/L BAP. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the secondary metabolites in different extracts of callus by GC-MS analysis. To our best knowledge, no literature is available and this is the first report on GC–MS analysis of leaf derived callus extracts, which showed the presence of different phytocompounds out of which, Stigmasterol, Hexadecanoic acid, Beta-Sitosterol, Stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one and Heptacosane are the major compounds that found to possess a wide range of biological activities. This protocol could be used to identify the secondary metabolites from leaf derived callus of the I. frutescens and further studies have to be carried out for the isolation and characterization of novel compounds for the formulation of new pharmaceutical drugs and also for its commercial production which will be used to cure some important ailments.

https://ijlpr.com/index.php/journal/article/download/1201/996

GC-MS Analysis of the in vitro leaf derived Callus Extracts of Ichnocarpus frutescens (L)W.T.Aiton

Teais one of the most significant plantation crops to be emphasized towards research on development for climate-resilient variants that suits across different climate crisisimpacted countries including India. Recent tea genome research advancements eased our thoughts to begin, and apply that addresses biotic, abiotic stresses and productivity. Though the effect of climate change with unpredictable weather conditions on tea crop’s resistance is unclear, DNA based and genomics-assisted breeding techniques might play prominent role in facing future challenges of crop improving set-ups. Transgene based technological advancements and molecular breeding strategies have simplified the progress of elite tea genotypes with robust adaptation to climate change and the genomics-assisted breeding strategies in specific, found to play a substantial part in the advance of climate resilient tea crops. In this review, we briefed the signs of progress in tea genome-based research and their further perspectives needed to address the current challenges we face due to the climate crisis that resolve to breed for the water-stress-tolerant tea plant.

L. N. Rajanna

Papers

Phytochemical Studies of Strychnos potatorum L.f.- A Medicinal Plant

GC-MS Analysis of the in vitro leaf derived Callus Extracts of Ichnocarpus frutescens (L)W.T.Aiton

A review on the genome-based approaches for the development of stress and climate resilient tea crops