Properties and applications of foamed concrete; a review

With the current focus on sustainability, it is necessary to evaluate concrete’s environmental impact properly, especially when developing new ‘green’ concrete types. Therefore, we investigated the available literature on every step in the LCA of concrete. The adopted functional unit for which the environmental impact is calculated, influences the outcome significantly. When comparing different concrete compositions, this unit should incorporate differences in strength, durability and service life. Hence, a cradle-to-grave or modified cradle-to-gate approach is advised as system boundary. When using industrial by-products as cement replacing material in ‘green’ concrete, an economical allocation of impacts is recommended. Inventory data on energy use, CO2, PM10, SOx and NOx emissions were collected and assigned to the impact categories of the problem oriented CML 2002 and the damage oriented Eco-indicator 99 impact method. Compared to Portland cement, the impact of blast-furnace slag and fly ash is about an order of a magnitude lower.

Environmental impact and life cycle assessment (LCA) of traditional and ‘green’ concretes: Literature review and theoretical calculations

The objectives of this paper are to present the results of experimental study and analysis on the behaviour and the strength of reinforced geopolymer concrete slender columns. The experimental work involved testing of twelve columns under axial load and uniaxial bending in single curvature mode. The compressive strength of concrete for the first group of six columns was about 40 MPa, whereas concrete with a compressive strength of about 60 MPa was used in the other six columns. The other variables of the test program were longitudinal reinforcement ratio and load eccentricity. The test results gathered included the load carrying capacity, the load-deflection characteristics, and the failure modes of the columns. The analytical work involved the calculation of ultimate strength of test columns using the methods currently available in the literature. A simplified stability analysis is used to calculate the strength of columns. In addition, the design provisions contained in the Australian Standard AS3600 and the American Concrete Institute Building Code ACI318-02 are used to calculate the strength of geopolymer concrete columns. This paper demonstrates that the design provisions contained in the current standards and codes can be used to design reinforced fly ash-based geopolymer concrete columns.

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Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete: study of slender reinforced columns

Lawrence C. Novak

Papers

Notes on ACI 318-08, building code requirements for structural concrete : with design applications

Historical Perspective on the Evolution of Two-Way Slab Design

Simplified Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings

Historical perspective on the evolution of two-way slab design