Piezoelectric transduction has received great attention for vibration-to-electric energy conversion over the last five years. A typical piezoelectric energy harvester is a unimorph or a bimorph cantilever located on a vibrating host structure, to generate electrical energy from base excitations. Several authors have investigated modeling of cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters under base excitation. The existing mathematical modeling approaches range from elementary single-degree-of-freedom models to approximate distributed parameter solutions in the sense of Rayleigh–Ritz discretization as well as analytical solution attempts with certain simplifications. Recently, the authors have presented the closed-form analytical solution for a unimorph cantilever under base excitation based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam assumptions. In this paper, the analytical solution is applied to bimorph cantilever configurations with series and parallel connections of piezoceramic layers. The base excitation is assumed to be translation in the transverse direction with a superimposed small rotation. The closed-form steady state response expressions are obtained for harmonic excitations at arbitrary frequencies, which are then reduced to simple but accurate single-mode expressions for modal excitations. The electromechanical frequency response functions (FRFs) that relate the voltage output and vibration response to translational and rotational base accelerations are identified from the multi-mode and single-mode solutions. Experimental validation of the single-mode coupled voltage output and vibration response expressions is presented for a bimorph cantilever with a tip mass. It is observed that the closed-form single-mode FRFs obtained from the analytical solution can successfully predict the coupled system dynamics for a wide range of electrical load resistance. The performance of the bimorph device is analyzed extensively for the short circuit and open circuit resonance frequency excitations and the accuracy of the model is shown in all cases.

/pdf/an-experimentally-validated-bimorph-cantilever-model-for-qzwpq105mk.pdf

An experimentally validated bimorph cantilever model for piezoelectric energy harvesting from base excitations

http://www.ssdsl.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/JSV_2011.pdf

Broadband piezoelectric power generation on high-energy orbits of the bistable Duffing oscillator with electromechanical coupling

The fundamental challenge of the 21st century that mankind has to face is definitely energy supply, its storage and conversion in a way that necessarily protects the environment. For 250 years, the tremendous development of humanity has been founded on the harnessing of fossil fuels (coal, crude oil then natural gas) as primary energy due to their high energy density values and the easiness of access. However, this global pattern of energy supply and use is unsustainable. Global warming and finite fossil-fuel supplies call for a radical change in the energy mix to favour renewable energy sources. Without being exhaustive, we tackle in this article the tricky energy question and associated environmental issues as personally perceived. The eminent role of electric energy produced from decarbonized sources in a future sustainable economy is particularly highlighted as well as the issues of its needed storage. The possible and foreseen hindrances of electrochemical energy storage devices, focusing on the lithium-ion technology, are presented in parallel with the possible pathways to make such a technology greener in synergy with the rise of a biomass-based industry.

Clean energy new deal for a sustainable world: from non-CO2 generating energy sources to greener electrochemical storage devices

In an effort to eliminate the replacement of the batteries of electronic devices that are difficult or impractical to service once deployed, harvesting energy from mechanical vibrations or impacts using piezoelectric materials has been researched over the last several decades. However, a majority of these applications have very low input frequencies. This presents a challenge for the researchers to optimize the energy output of piezoelectric energy harvesters, due to the relatively high elastic moduli of piezoelectric materials used to date. This paper reviews the current state of research on piezoelectric energy harvesting devices for low frequency (0–100 Hz) applications and the methods that have been developed to improve the power outputs of the piezoelectric energy harvesters. Various key aspects that contribute to the overall performance of a piezoelectric energy harvester are discussed, including geometries of the piezoelectric element, types of piezoelectric material used, techniques employed to match the resonance frequency of the piezoelectric element to input frequency of the host structure, and electronic circuits specifically designed for energy harvesters.

/pdf/energy-harvesting-from-low-frequency-applications-using-33u6ct9j73.pdf

Energy harvesting from low frequency applications using piezoelectric materials

This paper provides an analysis for the performance evaluation of a piezoelectric energy harvesting system using the synchronized switch harvesting on inductor (SSHI) electronic interface. In contrast with estimates based on a variety of approximations in the literature, an analytic expression of harvested power is derived explicitly and validated numerically for the SSHI system. It is shown that the electrical response using an ideal SSHI interface is similar to that using the standard interface in a strongly coupled electromechanical system operated at short circuit resonance. On the other hand, if the SSHI circuit is not ideal, the performance degradation is evaluated and classified according to the relative strength of coupling. It is found that the best use of the SSHI harvesting circuit is for systems in the mid-range of electromechanical coupling. The degradation in harvested power due to the non-perfect voltage inversion is not pronounced in this case, and a new finding shows that the reduction in power is much less sensitive to frequency deviations than that using the standard technique.

/pdf/an-improved-analysis-of-the-sshi-interface-in-piezoelectric-du7hbaycom.pdf

An improved analysis of the SSHI interface in piezoelectric energy harvesting

Using piezoelectric elements to harvest energy from ambient vibrations has been of great interest over the past few years. Due to the relatively low power output of piezoelectric materials, energy storage devices are used to accumulate harvested energy for intermittent use. Piezoelectric energy harvesting circuits have two schemes: one-stage and two-stage energy harvesting. A one-stage energy harvesting scheme includes a conventional diode bridge rectifier and an energy storage device. In recent years, two-stage energy harvesting circuits have been explored. While the results shown in previous research and development are promising, there are still some issues that need to be studied. Energy storage devices such as rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors have different cell voltages. Moreover, the storage cells can be connected in series to increase the voltage range. The storage device voltage is an important factor that influences the energy harvesting efficiency. This paper will study the efficiencies of the energy harvesting circuits considering the storage device voltages. For one-stage energy harvesting, expressions are derived to calculate the efficiencies towards different storage device voltages and verified by experiments. For two-stage energy harvesting circuits, theoretical efficiency expressions are derived and verified by PSPICE simulations. These two energy harvesting schemes are also compared. The results show that a one-stage energy harvesting scheme can achieve higher efficiency than the two-stage scheme towards a range of energy storage voltages.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0964-1726/16/2/031/pdf

M J Guan

Papers

On the efficiencies of piezoelectric energy harvesting circuits towards storage device voltages