Ieee transactions on antennas and propagation

Breast cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies among women worldwide. Methods for screening and diagnosis allow health care professionals to provide personalized treatments that improve the outcome and survival. Scientists and physicians are working side-by-side to develop evidence-based guidelines and equipment to detect cancer earlier. However, the lack of comprehensive interdisciplinary information and understanding between biomedical, medical, and technology professionals makes innovation of new screening and diagnosis tools difficult. This critical review gathers, for the first time, information concerning normal breast and cancer biology, established and emerging methods for screening and diagnosis, staging and grading, molecular and genetic biomarkers. Our purpose is to address key interdisciplinary information about these methods for physicians and scientists. Only the multidisciplinary interaction and communication between scientists, health care professionals, technical experts and patients will lead to the development of better detection tools and methods for an improved screening and early diagnosis.

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Breast cancer, screening and diagnostic tools: All you need to know.

Breast cancer plays a significant role in affecting female mortality. Researchers are actively seeking to develop early detection methods of breast cancer. Several technologies contributed to the reduction in mortality rate from this disease, but early detection contributes most to preventing disease spread, breast amputation and death. Thermography is a promising technology for early diagnosis where thermal cameras employed are of high resolution and sensitivity. The combination of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with thermal images is an effective tool to detect early stage breast cancer and is foreseen to provide impressive predictability levels. This paper reviews systematically the related works employing thermography with AI highlighting their contributions and drawbacks and proposing open issues for research. Several different types of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and deep learning models were used in the literature to process thermographic images of breast cancer, such as Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Probability Neural Network (PNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), ResNet50, SeResNet50, V Net, Bayes Net, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Convolutional and DeConvolutional Neural Networks (C-DCNN), VGG-16, Hybrid (ResNet-50 and V-Net), ResNet101, DenseNet and InceptionV3. Previous studies were found limited to varying the numbers of thermal images used mostly from DMR-IR database. In addition, analysis of the literature indicate that several factors do affect the performance of the Neural Network used, such as Database, optimization method, Network model and extracted features. However, due to small sample size used, most of the studies achieved a classification accuracy of 80% to 100%.

/pdf/a-systematic-review-of-breast-cancer-detection-using-3sly01r0bw.pdf

A Systematic Review of Breast Cancer Detection Using Thermography and Neural Networks

Breast cancer is not preventable To reduce the death rate and improve the survival chances of breast cancer patients, early and accurate detection is the only panacea Delay in diagnosis of this disease causes 60% of deaths Thermal imaging is a low-risk modality for early breast cancer decision making without injecting any form of energy into the human body Thermography as a screening tool was first introduced and well accepted in 1956 However, a study in 1977 found that it lagged behind other screening tools and is subjective Soon after, its use was discontinued This review discusses various screening tools used to detect breast cancer with a focus on thermography along with their advantages and shortcomings With the maturation of thermography equipment and technological advances, this technique is emerging and has become the refocus of many biomedical researchers across the globe in the past decade This study dispenses an exhaustive review of the work done related to interpretation of breast thermal variations and confers the discipline, frameworks, and methodologies used by different authors to diagnose breast cancer Different performance metrics like accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity have also been examined This paper outlines the most pressing research gaps for future work to improvise the accuracy of results for diagnosis of breast abnormalities using image processing tools, mathematical modelling and artificial intelligence However, supplementary research is needed to affirm the potential of this technology for predicting breast cancer risk effectively Altogether, our findings inform that it is a promising research problem and a potential solution for early detection of breast cancer in younger women

Thermal Imaging - An Emerging Modality for Breast Cancer Detection: A Comprehensive Review

This article proposes gain-enhanced circular patch antenna and array with introduction of multiple shorting pins. The antenna consists of a circular patch and several shorting pins. Equivalent inductance is brought to the patch after introducing shorting pins. Thus, resonance of the patch shifts at higher frequency. Compared to a conventional circular patch without any pins, radiation area of the proposed patch is enlarged given the same resonance frequency, hence leads to gain enhancement. The number of pins introduced to a circular patch can be set freely due to its symmetrical feature. Moreover, surface current is restricted within a small area around the center of the patch after introducing multiple pins, leading to more concentrated radiation. An equivalent circuit model is built for the proposed antenna. Layout and number optimization rules for introducing shorting pins are formulated. With these rules, gain of a circular patch can be maximized for the applications under certain size restrictions. A prototype operating at 5.8 GHz is designed and fabricated. Furthermore, a 2*2 array based on the gain-enhanced circular patch elements is implemented. In the measurements, high gain, high efficiency, and narrowed half-power beamwidth of the patch antenna and the array are observed.

High-Gain Circular Patch Antenna and Array With Introduction of Multiple Shorting Pins

The main purpose of Software Defined Networking (SDN) is to allow network engineers to respond quickly to changing network industrial requirements. This network technology focuses on making network as adaptable and active as virtual server. SDN is physical separation of Control plane from Data plane and control plane is centralized to manage underlying infrastructure. Hence, the SDN permit network administrator to adjust wide traffic flow from centralized control console without having to touch Switches and Routers, and can provide the services to wherever they are needed in the network. As in SDN the control plane is disassociated from underlying forwarding plane, however, susceptible to many security challenges like Denial of Service (DoS) attack, Distributed DoS (DDoS) attack, Volumetric attack. In this paper, we highlight some security challenges and evaluate some security solutions.

Security challenges in software defined network and their solutions

Reactive routing protocols for MANETs have outperformed the proactive protocols as they incurred less overhead for maintaining routing information Reactive protocols working "on demand" principle rely on the flooding of route request (RREQ) packets for route discovery This flooding results in problems such as; "RREQ storm", energy consumption of nodes and bandwidth consumption of shared channel Hence, usability of reactive protocols is under scanner This paper suggests Received signal strength (RSS) based gossip flooding approach that modifies the RREQ rebroadcast mechanism of AODV Experimental results show that RSS based gossip with probability p=066 reduces the RREQ rebroadcast by 15%, without adversely affecting the network performance in terms of connectivity, throughput and PDR, or end-to-end delay

RSS-GossipAODV: Received Signal Strength based Gossip Flooding Mechanism for AODV

To mitigate the requirement of dual band cellular phone applications, inverted L-shaped monopole antenna is proposed in this article The proposed antenna have optimum dimensions 22 (L) × 76 (W) × 16 (h) mm3 and fabricated on easily available FR4 substrate with permittivity 44 and loss tangent is 002 The structure is feed to 50-Ω microstrip line and terminated with SMA connector The antenna covers 824–894 MHz (AMPS), 890–960 MHz (GSM) in lower frequency bands, and 2–25 GHz (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, WiMAX) in upper frequency bands Measured VSWR is ≤2 for both dual band of frequencies The antenna shows acceptable gain flatness from 15 to 359 dBi with good omnidirectional radiation pattern In addition, an attempt is made to investigate the effect of L-patch on the impedance bandwidth with extensive simulation and result are presented The antenna offers high efficiency for both dual frequency bands and easy integration with the other microwave circuits Its simplicity, gain flatness, and radiation patterns make it suitable for dual band cellular phone applications © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2751–2755, 2014

Dual band inverted L‐shape monopole antenna for cellular phone applications

In this paper, analysis of a lower order and dominant mode of a rectangular microstrip antenna with a loading of the single shorting post has been presented. Microstrip line feed of 50 Ω impedance along one of the radiating edges with a single shorting post has been proposed for impedance matching. A detailed investigation of the rectangular microstrip antenna with and without single shorting pin has been presented and experimentally validated with good agreement.

R. N. Awale

Papers

Thermal Imaging - An Emerging Modality for Breast Cancer Detection: A Comprehensive Review

Security challenges in software defined network and their solutions

RSS-GossipAODV: Received Signal Strength based Gossip Flooding Mechanism for AODV

Dual band inverted L‐shape monopole antenna for cellular phone applications

Analysis of a single shorted rectangular microstrip antenna for 50Ωmicrostrip line feed