Languages differ in how they describe space, and such differences between languages can be used to explore the relation between language and thought. This 2003 book shows that even in a core cognitive domain like spatial thinking, language influences how people think, memorize and reason about spatial relations and directions. After outlining a typology of spatial coordinate systems in language and cognition, it is shown that not all languages use all types, and that non-linguistic cognition mirrors the systems available in the local language. The book reports on collaborative, interdisciplinary research, involving anthropologists, linguists and psychologists, conducted in many languages and cultures around the world, which establishes this robust correlation. The overall results suggest that thinking in the cognitive sciences underestimates the transformative power of language on thinking. The book will be of interest to linguists, psychologists, anthropologists and philosophers, and especially to students of spatial cognition.

https://bilder.buecher.de/zusatz/29/29337/29337053_lese_1.pdf

Space in language and cognition: Explorations in cognitive diversity

3.0 Frames of reference across modalities 3.1 The notion 'spatial frames of reference' 3.2 'Frames of reference' across modalities and the disciplines that study them 3.3 Linguistic Frames of Reference in Cross-Linguistic Perspective 3.3.1 The three linguistic frames of reference 3.3.2 The 'logical structure' of the three frames of reference 3.3.3 Realigning Frames of reference across disciplines and modalities

Frames of reference and Molyneux's question: Cross-linguistic evidence

This article examines the effects of memory loss on a patient's ability to remember the past and imagine the future. We present the case of D.B., who, as a result of hypoxic brain damage, suffered severe amnesia for the personally experienced past. By contrast, his knowledge of the nonpersonal past was relatively preserved. A similar pattern was evidenced in his ability to anticipate future events. Although D.B. had great difficulty imagining what his experiences might be like in the future, his capacity to anticipate issues and events in the public domain was comparable to that of neurologically healthy, age-matched controls. These findings suggest that neuropsychological dissociations between episodic and semantic memory for the past also may extend to the ability to anticipate the future.

Memory and Temporal Experience: the Effects of Episodic Memory Loss on an Amnesic Patient's Ability to Remember the Past and Imagine the Future

Emotions research is now routinely grounded in evolution, but explicit evolutionary analyses of emotions remain rare. This article considers the implications of natural selection for several classic questions about emotions and emotional disorders. Emotions are special modes of operation shaped by natural selection. They adjust multiple response parameters in ways that have increased fitness in adaptively challenging situations that recurred over the course of evolution. They are valenced because selection shapes special processes for situations that have influenced fitness in the past. In situations that decrease fitness, negative emotions are useful and positive emotions are harmful. Selection has partially differentiated subtypes of emotions from generic precursor states to deal with specialized situations. This has resulted in untidy emotions that blur into each other on dozens of dimensions, rendering the quest for simple categorically distinct emotions futile. Selection has shaped flexible mechanisms that control the expression of emotions on the basis of an individual's appraisal of the meaning of events for his or her ability to reach personal goals. The prevalence of emotional disorders can be attributed to several evolutionary factors.

/pdf/evolution-emotions-and-emotional-disorders-532djz8ud2.pdf

Evolution, emotions, and emotional disorders.

This interpretation of Aristotle's "Poetics" seeks to demonstrate that it is a coherent statement of a challenging theory of poetic art and that it hints towards a theory of mimetic art in general. Assessing this theory against the background of earlier Greek views on poetry and art, particularly Plato's, Stephen Halliwell sets Aristotle's ideas in the wider context of his philosophical system. The core of the book is an appraisal of Aristotle's view of tragic drama, in which Halliwell contends that at the heart of the "Poetics" lies a philosophical urge to instill a secularized understanding of Greek tragedy.

Aristotle's Poetics

Introduction 1. EMOTION AS COGNITIVE AND ITS THERAPY 2. The Emotions as Value Judgements in Chrysippus 3. Seneca's Defence: Third Movements as Harmonizing Chrysippus and Zeno 4. Seneca's Defence: First Movements as Answering Posidonius 5. The Arts: First Movements and Controversies on Drama and Music. Aristotle, Philodemus, and the Stoics 6. Posidonius on the Irrational Forces in Emotion: Galen's Report 7. Posidonius: Judgements Insufficient for Emotion. Exhaustion and Lack of Imagination 8. Posidonius: Judgements Not Necessary for Emotion. Disowned Judgements, Animals, and Music 9. Aspasius and Other Objections to Chrysippus 10. What is Missing from the Judgemental Analysis? Brain Research and Limitations on Stoic Cognitive Therapy 11. THE ROLE OF ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN STOIC COGNITIVE THERAPY 12. Stoic Indifference: A Barrier to Therapy? 13. The Case for and against Eradication of Emotion 14. The Traditions of Moderation and Eradication 15. How the Ancient Exercises Work 16. Exercises Concerned with Time and the Self 17. Physiology and the Non-Cognitive: Galen's Alternative Approach to Emotion 18. Sex, Love, and Marriage in Pagan Philosophy and the Use of Catharsis 19. Catharsis and the Classification of Therapies 20. EMOTIONAL CONFLICT AND THE DIVIDED SELF 21. The Concept of Will 22. FIRST MOVEMENTS AS BAD THOUGHTS: ORIGEN AND HIS LEGACY 23. From First Movements to the Seven Cardinal Sins: Evagrius 24. First Movements in Augustine: Adaptation and Misunderstanding 25. Christians on Moderation versus Eradication 26. Augustine on Lust and the Will Bibliography of Secondary Sources Mentioned Index of Ancient Thinkers Index Locorum Subject and Name Index

/pdf/emotion-and-peace-of-mind-from-stoic-agitation-to-christian-3lfzsq8y8v.pdf

Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation

IntroductionI. Mind 1. The Crisis: The Denial of Reason to Animals 2. Perceptual Content Expanded 3. Concepts and Perceptual Appearance without Reason or Belief 4. Memory, Preparation, and Emotion without Rational Belief 5. Forms, Universals, and Abstraction in Animals 6. The Shifting Concept of Reason 7. Speech, Skills, Inference, and Other Proofs of Reason 8. Plants and AnimalsII. Morals 9. Responsibility, Justice, and Reason 10. Oikeiosis and Bonding between Rational Beings 11. Did the Greeks Have the Idea of Human or Animal Rights? 12. Anarchy and Contracts between Rational Beings 13. Religious Sacrifice and Meat-eating 14. Augustine on Irrational Animals and the Christian Tradition 15. The One-dimensionality of Ethical TheoriesPrincipal Protagonists Bibliography General index Index Locorum

Animal Minds and Human Morals: The Origins of the Western Debate

Time, creation, and the continuum

Richard Sorabji here takes time as his central theme, exploring fundamental questions about its nature: Is it real or an aspect of consciousness? Did it begin along with the universe? Can anything escape from it? Does it come in atomic chunks? In addressing these and myriad other issues, Sorabji engages in an illuminating discussion of early thought about time, ranging from Plato and Aristotle to Islamic, Christian, and Jewish medieval thinkers. Sorabji argues that the thought of these often neglected philosophers about the subject is, in many cases, more complete than that of their more recent counterparts.

Time, creation, and the continuum: theories in antiquity and the early Middle Ages

Drawing on classical antiquity and Western and Eastern philosophy, Richard Sorabji tackles in Self the question of whether there is such a thing as the individual self or only a stream of consciousness. According to Sorabji, the self is not an undetectable soul or ego, but an embodied individual whose existence is plain to see. Unlike a mere stream of consciousness, it is something that owns not only a consciousness but also a body. Sorabji traces historically the retreat from a positive idea of self and draws out the implications of these ideas of self on the concepts of life and death, asking: Should we fear death? How should our individuality affect the way we live? Through an astute reading of a huge array of traditions, he helps us come to terms with our uneasiness about the subject of self in an account that will be at the forefront of philosophical debates for years to come. "There has never been a book remotely like this one in its profusion of ancient references on ideas about human identity and selfhood . . . . Readers unfamiliar with the subject also need to know that Sorabji breaks new ground in giving special attention to philosophers such as Epictetus and other Stoics, Plotinus and later Neoplatonists, and the ancient commentators on Aristotle (on the last of whom he is the world's leading authority)."--Anthony A. Long, Times Literary Supplement

Richard Sorabji

Papers

Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation

Animal Minds and Human Morals: The Origins of the Western Debate

Time, creation, and the continuum

Time, creation, and the continuum: theories in antiquity and the early Middle Ages

Self: Ancient and Modern Insights about Individuality, Life, and Death