It is argued that negotiation rules can be learned and invented by means of genetic algorithms. The work presented introduces a method, a system design, and a prototype implementation that uses genetic-based machine learning to acquire negotiation rules. The learned rules support a party involved in a two-party bargaining problem with multiple issues. It is assumed that both parties work towards a compromise deal. The method provides a framework in which genetic-based learning is applied repetitively on a changing problem representation. System design proposes a problem representation that is adequate to express bargaining processes and that is at the same time conducive to genetic-based learning. The authors report results of experiments with the prototype implementation. These results indicate that genetically learned rules, when used in real negotiations, yield results that are better than results obtained by humans in the same negotiation. The experiments indicate considerable robustness of genetically learned rules with respect to varying parameters defining the genetic operations on which the system relies in modeling negotiations. In terms of user support, experimental results show that in the bargaining process, a good rule is one that advises conceding in small steps and bringing new issues into the negotiation process. >

Genetic algorithms approach to a negotiation support system

This paper first contrasts issues in single and group decision making. It highlights the importance of approaching group decision making as a process that benefits from using models. Some key observations of decision support in real life applications are described, and the problems of combining individual preferences into a group choice are examined. This is followed by two case studies where judgemental models were used to support the decision process. In each example, the problem structure, the preferences of the individual decision makers, the overall decision process and the resulting decisions are given in detail. The cases provide insights into how groups use such judgemental information in discussion, negotiation, and the reaching of an agreement. Our results suggest that simple aggregation/consensus models are not satisfactory.

Group decision making: Suppositions and practice

This paper presents a review of various approaches to decision support, distinguishes a methodological approach based on reference point optimization and reviews advances in this field done in Poland under the contracted study agreement “Theory, Software and Testing Examples for Decision Support Systems” with the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.

Decision Support Systems Using Reference Point Optimization

The paper surveys recent developments in Group Decision Support Systems. We first consider a basic hierarchical model widely found in the literature, which distinguishes between individual and group processes. Using this model, we identify different classes of support for both levels and discuss the corresponding systems presented in the literature. We then consider non-hierarchical approaches, mainly those based on a joint problem evaluation by the group and explicit feedbacks between group and individual levels. From the issues raised in this survey, we then identify some topics for further research.

Group decision and negotiation support — A methodological survey

The paper presents a cost-efficiency model of a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) in order to analyze and make a tradeoff between flexibility, capacity, and to select a proper system. The efficiency model is based on the time sharing concept, where manufacturing time (machine resources) is allocated to different parts (batches). The allocation is dependent on the complexity and other features of different parts. A simple cost model is included, taking into account different cost factors, such as machine, tool, software, planning costs, and systems features. The model is implemented into a multi-objective programming system to make tradeoffs and analyze different alternatives. The system can be used in an interactive way, so that the decision maker can compare different feasible solutions, or in order to optimize different multi-criteria value functions. Relative performance indicators and different value functions have been included. A numerical example demonstrates the system properties. The model and the interactive system form the basis for understanding decision making on FMS investments as well as for analyzing which techno-economic factors have an impact on the benefits of FMS and company-level decision making.

Interactive Analysis of FMS Productivity and Flexibility

Many major decisions in public and private arenas are delegated to committees. The institution of a committee, though it has many shortcomings, remains an important aspect of many decision processes; the process of committee decision-making must therefore be improved. As a result of personal experiences with committees, the authors have developed a procedural concept and an automated aid for decision-making by committee, aimed in particular at a committee charged with the task of selecting from a finite set of alternatives.

/pdf/a-prototype-selection-committee-decision-analysis-and-1aw6uc8zgr.pdf

S. Johnson

Papers

A Prototype Selection Committee Decision Analysis and Support System, SCDAS: Theoretical Background and Computer Implementation