The biogeneration of green odour by green leaves

The synthesis of bacterial protein in the rumen of lactating cows fed on purified carbohydrates, with urea and ammonium salts as the sole sources of nitrogen, can be increased, through feed adaptation, to a level adequate not only for the maintenance of the cow but also for a relatively high milk production. The best annual milkyield per cow on the experimental feedhas, so far, been 4217 kilograms, calculated as standard milk (684 kilocalories per kilogram of milk). The composition of the test milk is similar to that of normal fat- and proteinrich milk. Fractionation of casein and serum proteins of test milk and normal milk by different methods demonstrated the similarity of the proteins of the two milks. The normal or higher concentrations of the water-solublevitamins in test milk show that the biosynthesis of these vitamins in the rumen is vigorous. The flavor of the two milks is very similar-proof that biosynthesis of the effective flavor compounds of milk occurs in the body of the cow. The only component of test milk whose composition, when small amounts of vegetable oil have been fed, has differed from that of normal milk is the fat. The studies of milk production on the experimental feed have opened up new possibilities for investigating the biosynthesis of different milk components. The studies are also of practical importance: Since the vigorous biosynthesis of proteins from simple nitrogen compounds in the rumen of test-feed-adapted cows has been demonstrated, there are greater possibilities for studying the replacement of protein by urea. In countries where there are plenty of forests, part of the feed of cows can be made up of certain wood products-for instance, hemicellulose and cellulose of low quality. The new findings may also be of value in the dry areas of the globe, where milk would be of vital significance for improving the nutrition of the population.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/153/3744/1603.full.pdf

Milk production of cows on protein-free feed.

Strains of molds Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, A. oryzae, A. parasiticus, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. citrinum, P. funiculosum, P. raistrickii, P. viridicatum, Alternaria, Cephalosporium, and Fusarium sp. were grown on sterile coarse wheat meal at 26 to 28 C for 120 h. The volatiles from mature cultures were distilled at low temperature under reduced pressure. The distillates from traps -40 and -78 C were extracted with methylene chloride and subsequently concentrated. All the concentrates thus obtained were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, chemical reactions of functional groups, and olfactory evaluation. Six components detected in the culture distillates were identified positively: 3-methylbutanol, 3-octanone, 3-octanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-octanol, and 2-octen-1-ol. They represented 67 to 97% of all the volatiles occurring in the concentrated distillate. The following 14 components were identified tentatively: octane, isobutyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, butyl acetate, amyl acetate, octyl acetate, pyridine, hexanol, nonanone, dimethylpyrazine, tetramethylpyrazine, benzaldehyde, propylbenzene, and phenethyl alcohol. Among the volatiles produced by molds, 1-octen-3-ol yielding a characteristic fungal odor was found predominant.

Volatile Flavor Compounds Produced by Molds of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fungi imperfecti

Biological nitrogen fixation in rhizobia occurs primarily in root or stem nodules and is induced by the bacteria present in legume plants. This symbiotic process has fascinated researchers for over a century, and the positive effects of legumes on soils and their food and feed value have been recognized for thousands of years. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation uses solar energy to reduce the inert N2 gas to ammonia at normal temperature and pressure, and is thus today, especially, important for sustainable food production. Increased productivity through improved effectiveness of the process is seen as a major research and development goal. The interaction between rhizobia and their legume hosts has thus been dissected at agronomic, plant physiological, microbiological and molecular levels to produce ample information about processes involved, but identification of major bottlenecks regarding efficiency of nitrogen fixation has proven to be complex. We review processes and results that contributed to the current understanding of this fascinating system, with focus on effectiveness of nitrogen fixation in rhizobia.

https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1751-7915.13517

Effectiveness of nitrogen fixation in rhizobia.

Recording of electroantennographic (EAG) responses from tsetse, Glossina pallidipes and G. morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae) has been used to detect olfactory stimulants in volatiles from cattle. The most potent stimulant in cattle odours collected on Porapak resin has been identifiedas 1-octen-3-ol by gas chromatographic retention data and mass spectrometry. The rate of production of 1-octen-3-ol by a normal ox was estimated to be 0.043 mghr−1, and the natural material was shown to be predominantly the (R)-(−)enantiomer. No 1-octen-3-ol was collected under the conditions used in the absence of an ox. EAG dose-response curves to 1-octen-3-ol showed it to be about 106 times more potent than acetone, a known attractant for tsetse, with the maximum response of about 1 mV occurring to approx. 1 ng at source. 1-octen-3-ol caused increased upwind flight by tsetse in a wind tunnel bioassay, and in the field it was attractive to tsetse by itself and also increased the attractiveness of both ox odour and of mixtures ofcarbon dioxide and acetone.

1-octen-3-ol: a potent olfactory stimulant and attractant for tsetse isolated from cattle odours.

/pdf/the-mass-spectra-of-some-aliphatic-lactones-417a5va8m5.pdf

The Mass Spectra of Some Aliphatic Lactones.

/pdf/fixation-of-nitrogen-by-nodules-excised-from-illuminated-and-25j1mcltg8.pdf

Fixation of Nitrogen by Nodules Excised from Illuminated and Darkened Pea Plants.

Fixation of Molecular Nitrogen by Excised Nodules of the Alder.

Mass Spectra of Seven Isomeric Hexen-1-ols.

/pdf/on-the-occurrence-of-oct-1-en-3-ol-in-clover-plants-2qkcy6s0lq.pdf

Tauno Moisio

Papers

The Mass Spectra of Some Aliphatic Lactones.

Fixation of Nitrogen by Nodules Excised from Illuminated and Darkened Pea Plants.

Fixation of Molecular Nitrogen by Excised Nodules of the Alder.

Mass Spectra of Seven Isomeric Hexen-1-ols.

On the Occurrence of Oct-1-en-3-ol in Clover Plants.