The increasing demand of mobile Internet and the Internet of Things poses challenging requirements for 5G wireless communications, such as high spectral efficiency and massive connectivity. In this article, a promising technology, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), is discussed, which can address some of these challenges for 5G. Different from conventional orthogonal multiple access technologies, NOMA can accommodate much more users via nonorthogonal resource allocation. We divide existing dominant NOMA schemes into two categories: power-domain multiplexing and code-domain multiplexing, and the corresponding schemes include power-domain NOMA, multiple access with low-density spreading, sparse code multiple access, multi-user shared access, pattern division multiple access, and so on. We discuss their principles, key features, and pros/cons, and then provide a comprehensive comparison of these solutions from the perspective of spectral efficiency, system performance, receiver complexity, and so on. In addition, challenges, opportunities, and future research trends for NOMA design are highlighted to provide some insight on the potential future work for researchers in this field. Finally, to leverage different multiple access schemes including both conventional OMA and new NOMA, we propose the concept of software defined multiple access (SoDeMA), which enables adaptive configuration of available multiple access schemes to support diverse services and applications in future 5G networks.

Non-orthogonal multiple access for 5G: solutions, challenges, opportunities, and future research trends

In this letter, the performance of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is investigated in a cellular downlink scenario with randomly deployed users. The developed analytical results show that NOMA can achieve superior performance in terms of ergodic sum rates; however, the outage performance of NOMA depends critically on the choices of the users' targeted data rates and allocated power. In particular, a wrong choice of the targeted data rates and allocated power can lead to a situation in which the user's outage probability is always one, i.e. the user's targeted quality of service will never be met.

On the Performance of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in 5G Systems with Randomly Deployed Users

As the latest member of the multiple access family, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been recently proposed for 3GPP LTE and is envisioned to be an essential component of 5G mobile networks. The key feature of NOMA is to serve multiple users at the same time/frequency/ code, but with different power levels, which yields a significant spectral efficiency gain over conventional orthogonal MA. The article provides a systematic treatment of this newly emerging technology, from its combination with MIMO technologies to cooperative NOMA, as well as the interplay between NOMA and cognitive radio. This article also reviews the state of the art in the standardization activities concerning the implementation of NOMA in LTE and 5G networks.

Application of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in LTE and 5G Networks

There is considerable pressure to define the key requirements of 5G, develop 5G standards, and perform technology trials as quickly as possible. Normally, these activities are best done in series but there is a desire to complete these tasks in parallel so that commercial deployments of 5G can begin by 2020. 5G will not be an incremental improvement over its predecessors; it aims to be a revolutionary leap forward in terms of data rates, latency, massive connectivity, network reliability, and energy efficiency. These capabilities are targeted at realizing high-speed connectivity, the Internet of Things, augmented virtual reality, the tactile internet, and so on. The requirements of 5G are expected to be met by new spectrum in the microwave bands (3.3-4.2 GHz), and utilizing large bandwidths available in mm-wave bands, increasing spatial degrees of freedom via large antenna arrays and 3-D MIMO, network densification, and new waveforms that provide scalability and flexibility to meet the varying demands of 5G services. Unlike the one size fits all 4G core networks, the 5G core network must be flexible and adaptable and is expected to simultaneously provide optimized support for the diverse 5G use case categories. In this paper, we provide an overview of 5G research, standardization trials, and deployment challenges. Due to the enormous scope of 5G systems, it is necessary to provide some direction in a tutorial article, and in this overview, the focus is largely user centric, rather than device centric. In addition to surveying the state of play in the area, we identify leading technologies, evaluating their strengths and weaknesses, and outline the key challenges ahead, with research test beds delivering promising performance but pre-commercial trials lagging behind the desired 5G targets.

5G : A tutorial overview of standards, trials, challenges, deployment, and practice

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is an essential enabling technology for the fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks to meet the heterogeneous demands on low latency, high reliability, massive connectivity, improved fairness, and high throughput. The key idea behind NOMA is to serve multiple users in the same resource block, such as a time slot, subcarrier, or spreading code. The NOMA principle is a general framework, and several recently proposed 5G multiple access schemes can be viewed as special cases. This survey provides an overview of the latest NOMA research and innovations as well as their applications. Thereby, the papers published in this special issue are put into the context of the existing literature. Future research challenges regarding NOMA in 5G and beyond are also discussed.

A Survey on Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G Networks: Research Challenges and Future Trends

This paper presents a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) concept for cellular future radio access (FRA) towards the 2020s information society. Different from the current LTE radio access scheme (until Release 11), NOMA superposes multiple users in the power domain although its basic signal waveform could be based on the orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) or the discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-spread OFDM the same as LTE baseline. In our concept, NOMA adopts a successive interference cancellation (SIC) receiver as the baseline receiver scheme for robust multiple access, considering the expected evolution of device processing capabilities in the future. Based on system-level evaluations, we show that the downlink NOMA with SIC improves both the capacity and cell-edge user throughput performance irrespective of the availability of the frequency-selective channel quality indicator (CQI) on the base station side. Furthermore, we discuss possible extensions of NOMA by jointly applying multi-antenna/site technologies with a proposed NOMA/MIMO scheme using SIC and an interference rejection combining (IRC) receiver to achieve further capacity gains, e.g., a three-fold gain in the spectrum efficiency representing a challenging target for FRA.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for Cellular Future Radio Access

As a promising downlink multiple access scheme for further LTE enhancement and future radio access (FRA), this paper investigates the system-level performance of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) with a successive interference canceller (SIC) on the receiver side. The goal is to clarify the potential gains of NOMA over orthogonal multiple access (OMA) such as OFDMA, taking into account key link adaptation functionalities of the LTE radio interface such as adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), time/frequency-domain scheduling, and outer loop link adaptation (OLLA), in addition to NOMA specific functionalities such as dynamic multi-user power allocation. Based on computer simulations, we show under multiple configurations that the system-level performance achieved by NOMA is superior to that for OMA.

System-level performance evaluation of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)

As a promising downlink multiple access scheme for future radio access (FRA), this paper discusses the concept and practical considerations of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) with a successive interference canceller (SIC) at the receiver side. The goal is to clarify the benefits of NOMA over orthogonal multiple access (OMA) such as OFDMA adopted by Long-Term Evolution (LTE). Practical considerations of NOMA, such as multi-user power allocation, signalling overhead, SIC error propagation, performance in high mobility scenarios, and combination with multiple input multiple output (MIMO) are discussed. Using computer simulations, we provide system-level performance of NOMA taking into account practical aspects of the cellular system and some of the key parameters and functionalities of the LTE radio interface such as adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) and frequency-domain scheduling. We show under multiple configurations that the system-level performance achieved by NOMA is higher by more than 30% compared to OMA.

Concept and practical considerations of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for future radio access

This paper investigates the system-level performance of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) with power-domain user multiplexing at the transmitter side and successive interference canceller (SIC) on the receiver side. The goal is to clarify the performance gains of NOMA for future LTE (Long-Term Evolution) enhancements, taking into account design aspects related to the LTE radio interface such as, frequency-domain scheduling with adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), and NOMA specific functionalities such as error propagation of SIC receiver, multi-user pairing and transmit power allocation. In particular, a pre-defined user grouping and fixed per-group power allocation are proposed to reduce the overhead associated with power allocation signalling. Based on computer simulations, we show that for both wideband and subband scheduling and both low and high mobility scenarios, NOMA can still provide a hefty portion of its expected gains even with error propagation, and also when the proposed simplified user grouping and power allocation are used.

System-level performance of downlink NOMA for future LTE enhancements

Spectral efficiency is always a key factor to be improved and optimized along mobile communication networks evolving generation by generation. 5G enabling technologies must take spectral efficiency into consideration. In this paper, we show the performance of three key 5G technologies in sense of spectral efficiency improvement. Sparse code multiple access, polar codes, and filtered orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing are novel multiple access technology, channel coding scheme, and waveform, respectively. The combination of them is implemented in a 5G field trial testbed by NTT DOCOMO and Huawei for the first time. According to the field test results, we achieve over 100% spectral efficiency improvement comparison with baseline, where orthogonal frequency-division multiple access and turbo coding as LTE are used.

Yuya Saito

Papers

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for Cellular Future Radio Access

System-level performance evaluation of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)

Concept and practical considerations of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for future radio access

System-level performance of downlink NOMA for future LTE enhancements

Spectral Efficiency Improvement With 5G Technologies: Results From Field Tests