Biodiesel production parameters and the impact analysis of the potential emissions from both soybean biodiesel and washing water stored
in three different environmental conditions were investigated. The effects of the reaction temperature, methanol/oil mole ratio and catalyst
concentration on biodiesel yield were considered. And the results showed optimum biodiesel yield of 99% obtained at 54°C, 7 methanol/oil
mole ratio and 0.4 wt/wt % catalyst concentration. The potential emissions from both the biodiesel produced and washing water stored (for
six weeks) in refrigerator (≤ 10°C), vacuum (50 kPa) and direct exposure to atmosphere were identified and quantified. Impact analysis of
the emissions involved their categorization into: terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, human toxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, climate
change and freshwater ecotoxicity. Freshwater ecotoxicity category had the most pronounced negative impact of the potential emissions with
5.237710-2 kg 1,4-DB eq. emissions in Atmosphere, 4.702610-2 kg 1,4-DB eq. emissions in Refrigerator and 3.966110-2 kg 1,4-DB eq. emissions
in Vacuum. Climate change had the least effect of the emissions with 6.21410-6 kg CO2 eq. in Atmosphere, 3.9310-6 kg CO2 eq. in Refrigerator
and 1.6710-6 kg CO2 eq. in Vacuum. The study showed that the order of preference of the storage environments of biodiesel is vacuum environment,
refrigerated condition and exposure to atmosphere.

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Investigating production parameters and impacts of potential emissions from soybean biodiesel stored under different conditions

One major driver of multiple socio-economic developments is the production of liquid biofuel Besides this attraction their environmentally friendly characteristics and renewability makes them the most sought after source of energy for most developed and developing economies the world over However it is regrettable that the Nigerian Government is not yet exploiting this drive In this review available literature from Google, journals and books were assessed for status (2000–2016) and tools used in biofuels Results revealed it was only in 2007, 2008 and 2011 with production/consumption of 03 tb/day, 05 tb/day and 1 tb/day, respectively, that there was production in Nigeria Lack of production was attributed to the concept of losing food product to biofuel as feedstock, and lack of feasible methodology Environmental sustainability tools used measuring impacts of liquid biofuels production and use was also discussed The study provided information that would encourage the production of liquid biofuels in Nigeria Though literature on methods and analysis of biofuels was scarce in Nigeria, there is sufficient literature elsewhere in the world Activities and awareness relating to liquid biofuels are at their infant stage and there seems to be no growth in the near future

Status of liquid biofuels in Nigeria and tools for environmental sustainability assessment

The main objective of this study was to produce biodiesel from palm kernel oil and to purify the biodiesel
washing water generated through adsorption, acidification, coagulation and filtration treatment processes. Removal
efficiencies of these treatment processes were investigated by analysing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical
oxygen demand (COD), pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS) and elements present in the biodiesel washing water
(before and after treatments). The results of the trans-esterification process showed that the highest biodiesel yield of
87.6% was obtained at a reaction time of 65 minutes and methanol to oil mole ratio of 6:1.The overall removal efficiencies
obtained using the stated water treatment processes were 65% (BOD), 38% (COD), 75% (TDS) and 94%
(conductivity).The treated washing water met the waste water discharge standards of FEPA. Hence, adsorption,
acidification, coagulation and filtration, were effective in treating biodiesel washing water.

Treatments of biodiesel washing water

The objective of the study was to carry out energy analysis of biodiesel production from Waste groundnut oil (WGO). 13 experimental runs were designed by Minitab software 16 to carried out the trans-esterification of WGO which involved the variation of catalyst concentration and methanol/oil mole ratio. Total Input energy and output energy of the process were determined to obtain the energy efficiency of the process. The results of the research gavehighest biodiesel yield of 92 % at the methanol/oil mole ratio of 7 and catalyst concentration of 0.7 wt/wt % Oil. The calculated input energy and output energy of 124.51MJ/Land 98.47 MJ/L respectively were obtained. The energy efficiency obtained from the biodiesel production was 0.72. The net energy of -35.04 MJ while the energy productivity of 0.08 kg.MJwas arrived at. Further research work on how to reduce input energy during biodiesel production needs to be carried out.

Energy Analysis of Biodiesel Production From Waste Groundnut Oil

The effects of frying unripe plantain and sweet potato (separately) in soyabean oil on the properties of the oil were investigated.
Also, the effect of the degradation of the oil on biodiesel yield obtained from the oil was considered. Physico-chemical properties
of soyabean oil (acid value, saponification value, viscosity, density, colour) were measured daily after being used for frying for
days. The fatty acid profile of the oil was analysed daily using GC/MS and biodiesel was produced daily from the oil sample. The
results of the frying process showed increase in oil Acid values in the two cases; sweet potato (1.10 – 1.16mgKOH/g) and unripe
plantain (1.12 – 1.71mgKOH/g). And increase in oil saponification values (146 – 271mgKOH/g for sweet potato and 175 –
340mgKOH/g for unripe plantain). The oil became less dense, less viscous and darker in colour for both batches during repeated
frying. Five day Frying process reduced the percentage unsaturated fatty acid contents of oil (for unripe plantain from 81.94% to
36.80% and for sweet potato from 82.46% to 40.10%) and increased the percentage saturated fatty acid composition of the oil
(unripe plantain from 12.18% to 34.70% and sweet potato from 12.24% to 27.50%). As frying progress, there was reduction in
biodiesel yield, though insignificant difference in yield was observed between the biodiesel obtained from unripe plantain frying
process and that obtained from the sweet potato frying process

/pdf/degradation-of-oil-during-frying-and-its-effect-on-biodiesel-6hwf9o39gd.pdf

Degradation of oil during frying and its effect on biodiesel production

Converting the huge amount of waste cooking oils presently generated globally to biodiesel as
complementary energy source to fossil fuel is one of the major routes to sustainable energy
management. However, producing quality biodiesel at established optimum conditions, through a
clean technology with favourable environmental implications is of greater importance. This
research focused on achieving the latter through alkali catalysed trans-esterification process of
biodiesel production and life cycle assessment (LCA) of the biodiesel produced using SIMAPRO
7.3.3. In this research, the comparative analysis of the use of KOH and NaOH, as catalysts in the
trans-esterification of Waste Groundnut Oil (WGO), Waste Soyabean Oil (WSO) and Crude
Palm Kernel Oil (CPKO); as well as the life cycle assessment of the biodiesel produced from
WGO, WSO and CPKO were established. The results obtained showed that, under similar
conditions, biodiesel yields from the trans-esterification of oils using KOH as catalyst are higher
than the yields from the NaOH catalysed process. Comparatively, the optimum conditions for
biodiesel yield from KOH catalysed trans-esterification of WGO are; 10.67 methanol/oil mole
ratio, 0.86 w/w Oil catalyst concentration at 600C and 71 minutes reaction time. For NaOH
catalysed trans-esterification of WGO, the optimum conditions are 9.94 methanol/oil mole ratio,
0.70 w/w Oil catalyst concentration at 600C and 72 minutes reaction time. Optimum conditions
for biodiesel yield from KOH catalysed trans-esterification of WSO are; 9.76 methanol/oil mole ratio, 1.04 w/w Oil catalyst concentration at 600C and 70 minutes reaction time. For NaOH
catalysed trans-esterification of WSO optimum conditions are 9.00 methanol/oil mole ratio, 0.70
w/w Oil catalyst concentration at 610C and 70 minutes reaction time. The optimum conditions
for biodiesel yield from KOH catalysed trans-esterification of CPKO are; 9.51 methanol/oil mole
ratio, 1.24 w/w Oil catalyst concentration at 620C and 80 minutes reaction time. For NaOH catalysed trans-esterification of CPKO, the optimum conditions are 9.57 methanol/oil mole ratio,
1.10 w/w Oil catalyst concentration at 620C and 85 minutes reaction time. The accuracy of the
optimal conditions obtained in all cases was justified by the optimal desirability values of
approximately 1 in all cases. A simple, cost effective and energy efficient model for the
prediction of biodiesel cetane number (CN) was derived. Statistical analysis showed low value of
3.28 % of Average Absolute Deviation (% AAD) for the proposed biodiesel CN model from the
reported biodiesel CN model (experimental). The values of biodiesel CN calculated using the
proposed model fall within ASTM specification. Analysis of the possible environmental impacts
through the LCA of the biodiesels from WGO, WSO and CPKO recorded the possible emissions
from the production processes as well as the products; and reports on the impacts of these
emission on human health, ecosystem quality and climate change. The emission effects are
potentially more pronounced on the ecosystem quality, followed by human health and least on
climate change.

A. A. Ayoola

Papers

Production and Life Cycle Assessment of Biodiesel from ThreeWaste Oils