B6nassy, C., 1955. R6marques sur deux Aphelinid6s: Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron et Aphytis proclia Walker. Annls l~piphyt. 6: 11-17. Lord, F. T. & MacPhee, A. W., 1953. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia II. Oyster shell scale. Can. Ent. 79: 196-209. Pickett, A. D., 1946. A progress report on long term spray programs. Rep. Nova Scotia Fruit Grow. Ass. 83 : 27-31. Pickett, A. D., 1967. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia XIV. Can. Ent. 97: 816-821. Tothill, J. D., 1918. The predacious mite Hemisarcoptes malus Shimer and its relation to the natural control of the oyster shell scale Lepidosaphes ulmi L. Agric. Gaz. Can. 5 : 234-239.

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01976688.pdf

Soil enzymes: Kuprevich, V. F. & Shcherbakova, T. A.: Translated from the Russian edition (1966), published by the Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi 1971. 392 pp., offset printing from type script, paper cover. Obtainable from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. 22151

The negative impact of soil salinity on agricultural yields is significant. For agricultural plants, sensitivity to salinity is commonly (but not exclusively) due to the abundance of Na(+) in the soil as excess Na(+) is toxic to plants. We consider reducing Na(+) uptake to be the key, as well as the most efficient approach, to control Na(+) accumulation in crop plants and hence to improve their salt resistance. Understanding the mechanism of Na(+) uptake by the roots of higher plants is crucial for manipulating salt resistance. Hence, the aim of this review is to highlight and discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of Na(+) uptake by plant roots at both physiological and molecular levels. We conclude that continued efforts to investigate the mechanisms of root Na(+) uptake in higher plants are necessary, especially that of low-affinity Na(+) uptake, as it is the means by which sodium enters into plants growing in saline soils.

Mechanisms of sodium uptake by roots of higher plants

The effect of mycorrhizal fungal inoculation on plant yield, nutrient uptake and inoculation effectiveness under long-term field conditions

Background
Soil salinity is heterogeneous, and within the root-zone of single plants the salinity of the soil solution can vary widely.

Plant growth and physiology under heterogeneous salinity

Salinity is a major problem in arid and semi-arid regions, where irrigation is essential for crop production. Major sources of salinity in these regions are salt-rich irrigation water and improper irrigation management. The effects of salinity on crops include inhibition of growth and production, and ultimately, death. There are two main approaches to alleviating the adverse effects of salinity on agricultural crops: (i) development of salt-tolerant cultivars by screening, conventional breeding or genetic engineering, and (ii) the traditional approach dealing with treatments and management of the soil, plants, irrigation water, and plant environment. The success of the first approach is limited under commercial growing conditions, because salt-tolerance traits in plants are complex. The present paper reviews, analyzes, and discusses the following traditional approaches: (i) improving the plant environment, (ii) exploiting interactions between plant roots and bacteria and fungi, and (iii) treating the plan...

Overcoming Salinity Barriers to Crop Production Using Traditional Methods

Three vegetative rootstocks of plum (Prunus domestica), Marianna GF 8-1 (Prunus cerasifera × munsoniana), Myrobolan B (P Cerasifera) and Pixy (P Insititia) were grown in pots containing sand and irrigated with complete nutrient solution to investigate the effect of calcium sulfate supplied to the nutrient solution on plants grown under salt stress Treatments were (1) control (C): nutrient solution alone; (2) S (salinity stress): 40 mM NaCl; (3) S+Ca1: 40 mM NaCl +25 mM calcium (Ca) and (4) S+Ca2: 40 mM NaCl + 5 mM Ca Calcium was supplied as CaSO4 The plants grown under 40 mol L−1 NaCl produced less dry matter and had lower chlorophyll content than those without NaCl Supplementary CaSO4 at both 25 and 5 mM concentrations ameliorated the negative effects of salinity on plant dry matter and chlorophyll content Salt treatment impaired membrane permeability by increasing electrolyte leakage The addition of calcium sulfate partially maintained membrane permeability Sodium (Na) concentration 

Calcium Sulfate Improves Salinity Tolerance in Rootstocks of Plum

Inefficient farm-level water management aggravates groundwater fluctuation and salt accumulation particularly in arid and semi-arid irrigated agriculture. Inappropriate water management practices in the Harran Plain are a good example. A study was carried out to investigate the effect of groundwater fluctuation on the seasonal salt dynamic in four widespread soil series in the Harran Plain with different natural drainage, south-eastern Turkey. Four profiles were excavated and soil samples were collected seasonally up to 100 cm depth with 10 cm intervals. Similarly, irrigation and groundwater samples were collected from the fields where soil sampling was carried out. Significant seasonal variations in the salt dynamic were observed with the fluctuation levels of the groundwater. Total salt content at 1 m soil depth remained constant during the year, however salt fluctuation throughout the root zone in the growing season exceeded the threshold values of corn, wheat and cotton, commonly grown crops in the region, of 1.7, 6.0 and 7.7 dS m−1, respectively. However, soils with less water fluctuation showed lower salt accumulation in the root zone from May to October. Results also confirmed that soils can be non-saline, but groundwater salinity, which may not be point specific, requires special attention. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.



Une gestion de l'eau inefficace en agriculture irriguee aggrave les fluctuations de nappe et l'accumulation de sel dans les zones arides et semi-arides. Les pratiques inappropriees de gestion des eaux dans la plaine de Harran sont un bon exemple. Une etude a ete realisee pour etudier l'effet de la fluctuation des eaux souterraines sur la dynamique saisonniere du sel dans quatre types de sols frequents avec differents drainages naturels dans la plaine de Harran au sud-est de la Turquie. Quatre profils ont ete creuses et des echantillons de sol recueillies a chaque saison jusqu'a 100 cm de profondeur a intervalle de 10 cm. De meme, des echantillons d'eau d'irrigation et d'eau souterraine ont ete recueillis dans les champs ou l'echantillonnage des sols a ete realise. D'importantes variations saisonnieres dans la dynamique de sel ont ete observees avec la fluctuation des niveaux des eaux souterraines. La teneur globale en sel dans le sol a 1 m de profondeur est restee constante au cours de l'annee, toutefois la fluctuation du sel dans la zone racinaire pendant la periode de vegetation a depasse les seuils pour le mais, le ble et le coton, les valeurs admises dans la region etant de 1.7, 6.0 et 7.7 dS m−1 respectivement. Toutefois, les sols avec moins de fluctuations d'eau ont montre moins d'accumulation de sel dans la zone racinaire de mai a octobre. Les resultats ont egalement confirme que les sols peuvent etre non-sales, mais que la salinite des eaux souterraines non localisee necessite une attention particuliere. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Implication of groundwater fluctuation on the seasonal salt dynamic in the Harran Plain, south-eastern Turkey.

The presence of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi may have significant effects on the growth and on the root morphology of plants, under arid and semi arid soil conditions. Lentil and wheat are the traditional crops grown in Southeastern Turkey. In this study soil samples from the Harran plain were collected from the 0-15 cm surface layer under wheat or lentil crop residues and used in a pot experiment carried out under greenhouse conditions with four levels of P fertilization: 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg ‐1 soil as Ca(H2PO4)2. Half of the soil batches were submitted to a heating treatment (80°C, 2 h). The maize variety PX-9540 was grown in the pots for 57 days. At harvest, plant dry weight, root length, P and Zn concentrations in plant tissues were measured and the extent of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was determined. Results showed that maize plants grown in soils where lentil had been previously cultivated grew better than those grown after wheat cultivation. In both cases, P concentration in plant tissues increased with increased P fertilization. There were no significant differences in root AMF colonization between soils with different crop sequences, nor with soils submitted to high temperature. Previous crops had a significant influence on the growth of plants that could be related to differences in the indigenous mycorrhiza inoculum potential and efficacy that can promote P uptake and benefit plant growth.

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3249138.pdf

Growth response of maize plants (Zea mays L.) to wheat and lentil pre-cropping and to indigenous mycorrhizae in field soil

Salinization is one of the most significant environmental problems in the world. Salinity negatively affects the physicochemical properties of the soil and reduces crop production. This study aimed to investigate the potential use of Aptenia cordifolia L. for the phytoremediation of salt-affected soils. Three salt levels; non-saline (NS, EC: 1.38 dS m), slightly saline (SS, EC: 3.54 dS m) and highly saline (HS, EC: 9.58 dS m) soils were collected from Harran Plain-Turkey and used to cultivated A. cordifolia in pots. To assess the salt tolerance of the plants, physiological and biochemical parameters as well as the accumulation of leaf Na and Cl ions were determined. In the meantime, soils were evaluated in terms of electrical conductivity, pH, organic matter and soil enzymes (dehydrogenase, urease, phosphatase and protease) before and after the cultivation. A significant increase in shoot fresh weight and dry weight were obtained from A. cordifolia cultivated-SS soils. No significant differences were determined in terms of crop yield in NS and HS soils. A decrease in total chlorophyll content was evident only in plants growing in HS soils. Proline and malondialdehyde contents and the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes were found significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in plants growing in HS as compared to those growing in SS and NS soils. A. cordifolia plants, accumulated more Na and Cl ions in their leaves as the salinity levels increased. Soil pH levels under all soil conditions were not affected although slim increases were observed. However, soil electrical conductivity were decreased 2 and 2.5 times in SS and HS soil types, respectively. Soil organic matter were significantly increased along with the increase in the activity of soil enzymes in all soil types. We suggest that cultivation A. cordifolia in SS and HS soils will improve the condition of soil physicochemical properties in an environmentally-friendly manner.

A. Almaca

Papers

Calcium Sulfate Improves Salinity Tolerance in Rootstocks of Plum

Implication of groundwater fluctuation on the seasonal salt dynamic in the Harran Plain, south-eastern Turkey.

Growth response of maize plants (Zea mays L.) to wheat and lentil pre-cropping and to indigenous mycorrhizae in field soil

Physiological and biochemical responses of (aptenia cordifolia) to salt stress and its remediative effect on saline soils

Effect of intercropping on soil physical and chemical properties in an olive orchard