Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a member of the Meliaceae family and its role as health-promoting effect is attributed because it is rich source of antioxidant. It has been widely used in Chinese, Ayurvedic, and Unani medicines worldwide especially in Indian Subcontinent in the treatment and prevention of various diseases. Earlier finding confirmed that neem and its constituents play role in the scavenging of free radical generation and prevention of disease pathogenesis. The studies based on animal model established that neem and its chief constituents play pivotal role in anticancer management through the modulation of various molecular pathways including p53, pTEN, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, Bcl-2, and VEGF. It is considered as safe medicinal plants and modulates the numerous biological processes without any adverse effect. In this review, I summarize the role of Azadirachta indica in the prevention and treatment of diseases via the regulation of various biological and physiological pathways.

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Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment

Multi-functional application of Moringa oleifera Lam. in nutrition and animal food products: A review.

Azadirachta indica L. is a multipurpose medicinal tree of family Meliaceae. It occurs in tropical and semitropical regions of the world. Different parts of this miraculous tree are used to treat pyrexia, headache, ulcer, respiratory disorders, cancer, diabetes, leprosy, malaria, dengue, chicken pox, and dermal complications. The tree is popular for its pharmacological attributes such as hypolipidemic, antifertility, microbicidal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, insecticidal, nematicidal, antiulcer, antioxidant, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and antileishmaniasis properties. A. indica is also rich in various phytochemicals for pharmaceuticals such as alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. The fungicidal potential of the tree is due to the presence of azadirachtin and nimbin. Herein, we have compiled a comprehensive review of phytochemical profile, pharmacological attributes, and therapeutic prospective of this multipurpose tree.

A comprehensive review of phytochemical profile, bioactives for pharmaceuticals, and pharmacological attributes of Azadirachta indica

An overview of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and its potential impact on health

Future Thrusts for Egg Parasitoids Research in India.- Biosystematic Studies on Trichogrammatidae with Special Reference to Indian species.- Molecular Taxonomy of Trichogrammatids.- Natural occurrence, Host Range and Distribution of Trichogrammatid Egg Parasitoids.- Trichogrammatids - Behavioural Ecology.-Trichogrammatids : Adaptation to Stresses.- Safety Testing of Pesticides for Integration with Trichogrammatids.- Mass Production of Trichogrammatid Parasitoids.- Trichogrammatids: Integration with other Methods of Pest Control.- Trichogramma: Non-Target Risk Assessment Methodologies and Guidelines.- Other Egg Parasitoids - Research for Utilisation.- Utility of Trichogramma for Biocontrol of Sugarcane Borers.- Egg Parasitoids in Cotton Ecosystem.- Egg Parasitoids in Tobacco Ecosystem.- Egg Parasitoids in Cereal Crops Ecosystem.- Egg Parasitoids in Legume Crops Ecosystem.- Egg Parasitoids of Fruit Crop Pests.- Egg Parasitoids in Vegetable Crops Ecosystem - Research Status and Scope for Utilization.12. UTILITY OF TRICHOGRAMMA FOR BIOCONTROL OF SUGARCANE BORERS.- 13.EGG PARASITOIDS IN COTTON ECOSYSTEM.- 14. EGG PARASITOIDS IN TOBACCO ECOSYSTEM.- 15.EGG PARASITOIDS IN CEREAL CROPS ECOSYSTEM.- 16. EGG PARASITOIDS IN LEGUME CROPS ECOSYSTEM.- 17.EGG PARASITOIDS OF FRUIT CROP PESTS.- 18.EGG PARASITOIDS IN VEGETABLE CROPS ECOSYSTEM - RESEARCH STATUS AND SCOPE FOR UTILIZATION.

Biological control of insect pests using egg parasitoids

Moringa oleifera is a valued medicinal plant in traditional folk medicine. Many pharmacological studies have shown the ability of this plant to exhibit analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anticancer, antioxidant, nootropic, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, anti-ulcer, cardiovascular, anti-obesity, antiepileptic, antiasthmatic, antidiabetic, anti-urolithiatic, diuretic, local anesthetic, anti-allergic, anthelmintic, wound healing, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and antidiarrheal properties. This review is a comprehensive summary of the phytochemical and pharmacological activities as well as the traditional and therapeutic uses of this plant. M. oleifera has wide traditional and pharmacological uses in various pathophysiological conditions. We will review the various properties of M. oleifera (drumstick tree) and focus on its various medicinal properties. We think that it is an attractive subject for further experimental and clinical investigations.

A Review of the Phytochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics of Moringa oleifera.

Objective: To study the anti-inflammatory effect of neem seed oil (NSO) on albino rats using carrageenan-induced hind paw edema. Materials and Methods: The study sample was divided into six groups with each group consisting of six rats as follows: Group I: Control (distilled water 0.5 ml/rat); Group II: Standard (aspirin 200 mg/kg body weight orally); Groups III, IV, V, and VI (NSO 0.25 ml, 0.5 ml, 1 ml, and 2 ml/kg body weight, respectively, i.p.). The inflammation induced in the form of hind paw edema was produced by injection of 0.1 ml of 1% suspension of carrageenan in normal saline below the plantar aponeurosis of right hind paw of rats; the left hind paw served as control. The volume of edema was measured by water displacement method in microburette. Volumes of both the hind paws were measured before and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h of carrageenan injection. Results: NSO in the dose of 0.25 ml/kg body weight did not show any significant anti-inflammatory activity. NSO showed increased inhibition of paw edema with the progressive increase in dose from 0.25 ml to 2 ml/kg body weight. At the dose of 2 ml/kg body weight, NSO showed maximum (53.14%) inhibition of edema at 4 th hour of carrageenan injection. Aspirin in the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight showed maximum inhibition of hind paw edema. Conclusion: The present study concludes that NSO exhibits significant anti-inflammatory action.

Study of anti-inflammatory effect of neem seed oil (Azadirachta indica) on infected albino rats

Objectives: Moringa oleifera is a highly valued plant distributed in many countries of the tropic and subtropics. Moringa oleifera leaves are a potential source of phytochemical ingredients claimed to have analgesic property. Pain is an unpleasant sensation, which in many cases represents the only symptom for the diagnosis of several diseases. Therefore analgesic drugs lacking the side effect as alternative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opiates are in demand by the society. The present study is undertaken to evaluate the analgesic activity of Moringa oleifera using acetic acid induced writhing test and Eddy's hot plate test. Materials and Methods: It is a randomized control study. The present study was done using two experimental models. The albino mice were divided into six groups, each group consisting of 6 mice. A total of 36 mice were used in each of the two experimental models. Group I: Control (normal saline given orally at 2 ml/kg body weight); Group II: Standard (diclofenac 10 mg/kg i.p/ morphine 1 mg/kg i.p); Group III, IV, V, VI (ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera (EMO) 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, respectively). The EMO leaves were administered at 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg doses orally 1 hour before the experiments. For peripheral analgesic effect, acetic acid induced writhing test was used. The central analgesic effect was screened using Eddy's hot plate method. The standard drug used in acetic acid induced writhing test was diclofenac and in Eddy's hot plate test was morphine. Results: The EMO leaf showed significant (P < 0.01) analgesic activity at 100, 200, 400 mg/kg in the acetic acid induced writhing test showing 32.21%, 59.71% and 78.61% inhibition of writhes, respectively in comparison with the control. In the Eddy's hot plate test EMO at 400 mg/kg showed significant (P < 0.01) analgesic activity from 15 min to 90 min with a mean rank ranging from 28.92 to 26.00, second mean rank following morphine in comparison with control. In both the tests, EMO showed significant (P < 0.01) analgesic activity in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The ethanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera exhibited analgesic activity in both models showing its both central and peripheral analgesic actions.

Analgesic effect of ethanolic leaf extract of moringa oleifera on albino mice

To analyze and characterize the phytochemical compounds of ethanolic leaf extract oforinga oleifera using GC-MS. The phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract was carried out according to standard procedures stated by WHO guidelines. The various bioactive compounds of the extract weredentified by GC-MS technique.The results of the GCMS analysis revealed 35 compounds in the ethanolic extract of oringa oleifera leaves. Among the 35 compounds the following 15 major compounds revealed iththe maximum peak percentage area in parenthesis shown in table 1 : 1,2,3-Cyclopentanetriol 1.63), L-Galactose, 6- eoxy (4.35), n-Hexadecanoic acid (28.84), Tetradecanoic acid (2.12), cis- accenic acid (26.45), Octadecanoic acid (4.91), Palmitoyl chloride (1.56), 3-Chloro-N- sochroman-1-ylmethyl-propionamide (5.61), 2-Butenoic acid, 2-methoxy-3-methyl-, methyl ester 1.77) , 3,4- ichlorobenzonitrile (2.21), Mannitol,1,4-di- O-methyl-, tetraacetate (1.09), beta.-l- amnofuranoside, 5-O-acetyl-thio-octyl (1.01), Vitamin E(2.07), gamma.-Sitosterol (2.23), Pregn- ,7-diene-3-ol-20-one (1.47). Their respective retention times being as. follows:13.03,15.28,18.62,18.67,20.35,20.52,21.62,23.36,23.46,23.67,23.90,23.94,27.85,29.16 29.26. The minor compounds are 4,5-Diamino-2- ydroxypyrimidine (0.45), 4H-Pyran-4-one,2,3- dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl (0.93), enzofuran,2,3-dihydro (0.64), Benzeneacetonitrile,4- hydroxy (0.64), 2- Cyclohexenone,4-cetamido(0.68),4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)- - ethoxyphenol(0.39), Cyclopropaneoctanal,2- ctyl (0.23), 5-Eicosene, (E) (0.54), Octadec-9- enoic acid (0.74), 5-Eicosene, (E) (0.54), Oxirane, tetradecyl (0.64), trans-13-Octadecenoic acid (0.41), 6- ctadecenoic acid, (Z) (0.28), cis-9- exadecenal (0.21), Cyclopentadecanone,2- hydroxy (0.25), Cyclopropaneoctanal,2-octyl (0.26), leic Acid (0.35), Oleylalcohol, heptafluorobutyrate (0.90),7- entadecyne (0.70),trans-13- ctadecenoic acid (0.60).The ethanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera proved to be a reservoir of bioactive compounds identified by GC-MS which could prove effective in the treatment of various diseases.

Gc-ms profiling of ethanolic extract of moringa oleifera leaf

Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the antipyretic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera using Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia model. Materials and methods It was a randomized controlled experimental study. A total of 60 rats were taken, dividing them in six groups, each containing 10 rats. Ethanolic extract of M. oleifera (EMO) was administered at 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg doses orally to the respective four groups. The control group was fed with normal saline at 2 ml/kg. A 20% suspension of Brewer's yeast in normal saline was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 10 ml/kg body weight below the nape of neck of rats in all groups. Pyrexia developed after 10 h of Brewer's yeast injection and the temperature was recorded. Animals which showed a rise in body temperature to at least 39°C were included in the study, allowing a minimal of six rats in each group, total of 36 rats. Drugs were given after development of pyrexia and temperatures were recorded. Paracetamol at 100 ml/kg orally was taken as the standard drug. Results The ethanolic leaf extract of M. oleifera showed significant (P Conclusion The ethanolic leaf extract of M. oleifera exhibited significant (P < 0.05) antipyretic activity at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg.

A. Bhattacharya

Papers

A Review of the Phytochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics of Moringa oleifera.

Study of anti-inflammatory effect of neem seed oil (Azadirachta indica) on infected albino rats

Analgesic effect of ethanolic leaf extract of moringa oleifera on albino mice

Gc-ms profiling of ethanolic extract of moringa oleifera leaf

Antipyretic effect of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on albino rats