Power distribution feeders is one of the key contributors of technical losses (TL) as it is typically large in numbers and scattered over large geographic areas. Traditional approach using classical formulation or time series load flow simulations to determine TL in each and every feeder and feeder sections in all distribution network require is an expensive exercise as it requires extensive modelling of the feeders and voluminous data. This paper presents a simple analytical approach to estimate monthly TL of a radial distribution feeder using analytical approach. TL for each feeder sections are evaluated on a monthly basis based on estimation of the load profile of the load points, peak power loss characteristics and loss factor. Total feeder TL are then estimated as the sum of all TL contributed by each feeder section. The developed models and procedure have been demonstrated through case studies performed on three (3) typical and representative feeders characterized by the different area served, number of feeder sections, load distribution and feeder length. The results shows close agreement (less than 5% differences) when compared with time series load flow simulations. With this model, the approach could be extended and applied to estimate TL of any radial distribution feeders of different configurations and characteristics

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A new methodology for technical losses estimation of radial distribution feeder

This paper presents the modeling and real-time digital simulation of two microgrids: the malta college of arts, science and technology (MCAST) and the german jordan university (GJU). The aim is to provide an overview of future microgrid situation and capabilities with the benefits of integrating renewable energy sources (RES), such as photovoltaic panels, diesel generators and energy storage systems for projects on both campuses. The significance of this work starts with the fact that real measurements were used from the two pilots, obtained by measuring the real physical systems. These measures were used to plan different solutions regarding RES and energy storage system (ESS) topologies and sizes. Also, the demand curves for the real microgrids of MCAST and GJU have been parameterized, which may serve as a test bed for other studies in this area. Based on actual data collected from the two pilots, a real-time digital simulation is performed using an RT-LAB platform. The results obtained by this tool allow the microgrid manager to have a very accurate vision of the facility operation, in terms of power flow and default responses.  Several scenarios are studied, extracting valuable insight for implementing both projects in the future. Eventually, the proposed models would be a blueprint for training and research purposes in the microgrid field.

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Modeling and real time digital simulation of microgrids for campuses Malta and Jordan based on multiple distributed energy resources

At present, there is a serious energy crisis around the globe which impacts greatly on the power grid. A smart and user friendly energy management system can control the energy consumption. In this paper, load power and energy management system is developed and simulated using Proteus Visual Design software.  The load analysis and measurement techniques are developed for single phase and three phase loads and implemented using Arduino Mega 2560 board.  User friendly controls are developed using the visual design feature of the software to control the energy consumption. The load power management system is simulated by measuring the power consumed by various residential loads such as lights, fans, air-conditioners, heaters. The industrial loads are simulated by squirrel cage induction motor. The load analysis summary is displayed on the Arduino 2.8 inch TFT display shield in a table format. The simulaion model is created for future hardware implementation and is tested under various practical input conditions. The Proteus Visual Design software is chosen in this resesarch due to its advantages such as professional PCB layout package, availability of nearly 800 microcontrollers in the library package etc.The developed model successfully measured the energy consumption of several loads and assist the user in controlling the energy usage through automation control techniques. The accuracy of the results shows that the technique and the model developed in this research can be used by engineers, students and hobbyists who are working with energy monitoring systems and smart home applications directly. This is an ongoing project where in the next stage, the hardware design of the simulation model will be implemented and tested in real time application.

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Load power and energy management system using proteus visual design software

Distribution network is the closest to the consumer of electricity in the whole of the electric power system (EPS) network. It is as important as other parts of the entire system. Lack of sufficient power to meet the required load demand has aided the popularity of distributed generators within the distribution network in order to argument the available power. However, the point of installation of a distributed generator (DG) is essential, considering the entire EPS security. In this work, inherent power system network (IPSN) is proposed to determine the best position for distributed generator within distribution networks, which results in a minimal loss. Matlab R2018a is deployed as a simulation tool. Six bus IEEE network and radial 12-bus network are used to ascertain the feasibility of the proposed method. Results obtained for both test network are validated through the results from the forward-backward sweep method for distribution load flow study.

A Simplified Approach for Optimal Location of distributed Generators within Distribution Network

Advancement in technology has continuously driven the evolution of metering devices and infrastructure in the world and has resulted in more accurate and user-friendly devices equipped with customer interaction interfaces. The evolution of metering technology in Nigeria arose with the unbundling of the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) but have not progressed smoothly and successfully despite the implementation of various reforms and policies in the Nigerian electricity industry. The persisting problems in the electricity distribution system such as energy theft, vandalism, energy wastage, high line losses can be overcome by the deployment of appropriate metering infrastructure. In the second quarter of 2020, the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission revealed that the total registered customers and total metered customers are 10,516,090 and 4,234,759 respectively leaving a metering gap of 59.73%; after 124 years of commercial electricity availability in Nigeria. This paper discusses Nigeria's metering history and the challenges encountered in the transition of policies, technologies and government reforms. The paper also proposes the way forward to a successful transitioning into a smart distribution grid.

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Evolution of Electricity Metering Technologies in Nigeria

Electricity theft remains a huge loss incurred by electricity distribution companies. This theft arises majorly because of activities carried out by consumers such as energy-meter by-passing, energy-meter tampering etc. This research study offers an approach for handling energy meter by-passing and tampering. The system design is based on the monitoring of the readings of two current sensors by a programmed microcontroller. While one of the current sensors monitors the current drawn by the user’s load, the latter installed before the meter monitors current drawn by all loads. Any discrepancy between the values read, indicates theft. A momentary switch is also installed in the meter to trigger the meter once it is tampered with. Furthermore, the user is provided with a remote access to the energy meter for recharging energy units and for monitoring energy consumption. It was observed that the system accurately measured load consumption and detect any attempt to by-pass or tamper with the energy meter. Lastly, all unscrupulous attempts were reported using GSM technology.

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A Chiagoro

Papers

Smart prepaid energy metering system to detect energy theft with facility for real time monitoring