A K-Na liquid alloy allows a dendrite-free high-capacity anode; its immiscibility with an organic liquid electrolyte offers a liquid-liquid anode-electrolyte interface. Working with a sodiated Na2 MnFe(CN)6 cathode, the working cation becomes K+ to give a potassium battery of long cycle life with an acceptable capacity at high charge/discharge rates.

Liquid K-Na Alloy Anode Enables Dendrite-Free Potassium Batteries.

The available experimental data for the density and viscosity of liquid cadmium, cobalt, gallium, indium, mercury, silicon, thallium, and zinc have been critically examined with the intention of establishing both a density and a viscosity standard. All experimental data have been categorized into primary and secondary data according to the quality of measurement, the technique employed and the presentation of the data, as specified by a series of criteria. The proposed standard reference correlations for the density of liquid cadmium, cobalt, gallium, indium, silicon, thallium, and zinc are characterized by percent deviations at the 95% confidence level of 0.6, 2.1, 0.4, 0.5, 2.2, 0.9, and 0.7, respectively. In the case of mercury, since density reference values already exist, no further work was carried out. The standard reference correlations for the viscosity of liquid cadmium, cobalt, gallium, indium, mercury, silicon, thallium, and zinc are characterized by percent deviations at the 95% confidence level of 9.4, 14.0, 13.5, 2.1, 7.3, 15.7, 5.1, and 9.3, respectively.

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Reference Data for the Density and Viscosity of Liquid Cadmium, Cobalt, Gallium, Indium, Mercury, Silicon, Thallium, and Zinc

Lead–lithium eutectic material database for nuclear fusion technology

Liquid metals exhibit remarkable mechanical properties, in particular large surface tension and low viscosity. However, these properties are greatly affected by oxidation when exposed to air. We measure the viscosity, surface tension, and contact angle of gallium and a eutectic gallium-indium alloy while controlling such oxidation by surrounding the metals with an acid bath of variable concentration. Rheometry measurements reveal a yield stress directly attributable to an oxide skin that obscures the intrinsic behavior of the liquid metals. We demonstrate how the intrinsic viscosity can be obtained with precision through a scaling technique that collapses low- and high-Reynolds number data. Measuring surface tension with a pendant drop method, we show that the oxide skin generates a surface stress that mimics surface tension and develop a simple model to relate this to the yield stress obtained from rheometry. We find that yield stress, surface tension, and contact angle all transition from solid-like to ...

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Effect of oxidation on the mechanical properties of liquid gallium and eutectic gallium-indium

Liquid metals exhibit remarkable mechanical properties, in particular large surface tension and low viscosity. However, these properties are greatly affected by oxidation when exposed to air. We measure the viscosity, surface tension, and contact angle of gallium (Ga) and a eutectic gallium-indium alloy (eGaIn) while controlling such oxidation by surrounding the metal with an acid bath of variable concentration. Rheometry measurements reveal a yield stress directly attributable to an oxide skin that obscures the intrinsic behavior of the liquid metals. We demonstrate how the intrinsic viscosity can be obtained with precision through a scaling technique that collapses low- and high-Reynolds number data. Measuring surface tension with a pendant drop method, we show that the oxide skin generates a surface stress that mimics surface tension and develop a simple model to relate this to the yield stress obtained from rheometry. We find that yield stress, surface tension, and contact angle all transition from solid-like to liquid behavior at the same critical acid concentration, thereby quantitatively confirming that the wettability of these liquid metals is due to the oxide skin.

Effect of oxidation on the Mechanical Properties of Liquid Gallium and Eutectic Gallium-Indium

The surface tension of molten gallium at high temperatures

Experimental investigation of the density and surface tension of molten lithium at temperatures up to 1300 K

The method of radioactive gamma-raying is used to investigate the density of bismuth in the condensed state at temperatures from 337 to 1505 K. The purity of investigated metal is >99.99% by mass. The confidence error of measurements does not exceed 0.4%. The experimental results are used to provide recommended reference data on the density of solid and liquid bismuth in the range from room temperature to 1600 K.

An Experimental Investigation of the Density of Bismuth in the Condensed State in a Wide Temperature Range

The method of penetrating gamma-rays is used to measure the density of eutectic alloy of the Pb-Li system in the condensed state in the temperature range from 360 to 880 K. The confidence error of the experimental results is 0.4% and 0.3% for the solid and liquid phases, respectively. The experimental results for the density of lead-lithium eutectic are used to calculate the thermal expansion in the investigated temperature range. The investigation results are compared with the available literature data on the thermal properties of Pb-Li eutectic in the solid and liquid phases.

An experimental investigation of the density and thermal expansion of advanced materials and heat-transfer agents of liquid-metal systems of fusion reactor: Lead-lithium eutectic

Using the gamma-ray attenuation technique, the density of the condensed state of lithium is measured within the range from room temperature up to ∼700 K. The purity of the investigated lithium is as high as 99.95 mass %. The confidence error of experiments is within 0.3%. From the experimental results, the volume thermal expansion coefficient of lithium is calculated within a wide temperature interval. The experimental data obtained on thermal properties of the solid and liquid state of lithium are compared to those available in the literature.

Experimental study of density and thermal expansion of the advanced materials and heat transfer agents for liquid metal systems of thermonuclear reactor: Lithium

A. G. Mozgovoi

Papers

The surface tension of molten gallium at high temperatures

Experimental investigation of the density and surface tension of molten lithium at temperatures up to 1300 K

An Experimental Investigation of the Density of Bismuth in the Condensed State in a Wide Temperature Range

An experimental investigation of the density and thermal expansion of advanced materials and heat-transfer agents of liquid-metal systems of fusion reactor: Lead-lithium eutectic

Experimental study of density and thermal expansion of the advanced materials and heat transfer agents for liquid metal systems of thermonuclear reactor: Lithium