Time of emergence of eight weed species.

Estimating Yield Losses of Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) Caused by Nightshade (Solanumspp.) Interference

Hairy Nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides) Interference in Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Plant model systems have contributed greatly to the dramatic progress in understanding the fundamental aspects of plant biology. Using model weeds will also help facilitate focused funding and research in the weed science community. Criteria for developing model weeds require attention to weedy characteristics that impart economic losses and a wide geographic distribution, attributes that present the potential for political and scientific support. Expressed sequence tag (EST) databases for model weeds are the most practical approach to identifying new genes and obtaining data on the gene expression underlying weedy characteristics. Weeds such as Canada thistle, eastern black nightshade, johnsongrass, jointed goatgrass, leafy spurge, waterhemp, and weedy rice are proposed as model systems. Nomenclature: Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop CIRAR; common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer AMATA; eastern black nightshade, Solanum ptycanthum Dun. SOLPT; johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers S...

https://bioone.org/journals/weed-science/volume-53/issue-6/WS-04-213R.1/Potential-model-weeds-to-study-genomics-ecology-and-physiology-in/10.1614/WS-04-213R.1.pdf

Potential model weeds to study genomics, ecology, and physiology in the 21st century

The Morelloid clade, also known as the black nightshades or "Maurella" (Morella), is one of the 10 major clades within Solanum L The pantropical clade consists of 75 currently recognised non-spiny herbaceous and suffrutescent species with simple or branched hairs with or without glandular tips, with a centre of distribution in the tropical Andes A secondary centre of diversity is found in Africa, where a set of mainly polyploid taxa occur A yet smaller set of species is found in Australasia and Europe, including Solanum nigrum L, the type of the genus Solanum Due to the large number of published synonyms, combined with complex morphological variation, our understanding of species limits and diversity in the Morelloid clade has remained poor despite detailed morphological studies carried out in conjunction with breeding experiments Here we provide the first taxonomic overview since the 19th century of the entire group in the Old World, including Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and islands of the Pacific Complete synonymy, morphological descriptions, distribution maps and common names and uses are provided for all 19 species occurring outside the Americas (ie Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and islands of the Pacific) We treat 12 species native to the Old World, as well as 7 taxa that are putatively introduced and/or invasive in the region The current knowledge of the origin of the polyploid species is summarised A key to all of the species occurring in the Old World is provided, together with line drawings and colour figures to aid identification both in herbaria and in the field Preliminary conservation assessments are provided for all species

A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)

Information from taxonomic treatments and comparisons of accessions from numerous locations grown in the field and greenhouse were combined and summarized to produce a key and descriptions of common agricultural nightshades in North America (Solanum americanum Mill., S. nigrum L., S. ptycanthum Dun., and S. sarrachoides Sendt.). Quantitative and qualitative descriptions of key characters and photographs of important morphological structures are provided to facilitate field identification. Problems with nomenclature among these species are discussed, and a system of common names that would standardize usage is proposed.

A. G. Ogg

Papers

Characterization of Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and Related Species in the United States