The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) technology is one of the pillars of the modern petroleum industry which converts the crude oil fractions into many commodity fuels and platform chemicals, such as...

Fluid catalytic cracking technology: current status and recent discoveries on catalyst contamination

Enhancing the production of light olefins from heavy crude oils: Turning challenges into opportunities

Elimination of nitrogen (N) compounds contained in fuel oils is one of the essential processes for petroleum refinery due of their hindering consequences on the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process. Traditional hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) techniques have some barriers to produce lower-N or N-free fuel oils, e.g., HDN is less effective to remove some cyclic N-compounds; HDN is expensive because of operating conditions such as high pressure and high temperature, and also requires the presence of an expensive catalyst and hydrogen. Application of ionic liquids (ILs) for the purpose of fuel oil extractive denitrogenation (EDN) has been an important part of research in recent years, and it has shown huge potential as an effective substitute or supplemental technique to HDN. In the present review, we studied research results of EDN using ILs and have discussed widely the diversified factors influencing denitrogenation. This review concludes that EDN employing ILs has a promising future owing to the ideal physical and chemical characteristics of ILs; though for such a new technology there are some challenges, for which a discussion is also given. This review contributes proposals for possible commercial application of ILs in EDN.

Extractive denitrogenation of fuel oils using ionic liquids: a review

A Review on the Reaction Mechanism of Hydrodesulfurization and Hydrodenitrogenation in Heavy Oil Upgrading

Heavy oil cracking in the presence of steam and nanodispersed catalysts based on different metals

A grave problem of modern oil refining industry is continuous deterioration of the produced oil quality, on the one hand, and increase in the demand for motor fuels, on the other hand. This necessitates processing of heavy oil feedstock with high contents of sulfur, nitrogen and metals and the atmospheric residue. This feedstock is converted to light oil products via hydrogenation processes catalyzed by transition metal compounds, first of all, cobalt- or nickel-promoted molybdenum and tungsten compounds. The processing involves desulfurization, denitrogenation and demetallization reactions as well as reactions converting heavy hydrocarbons to lighter fuel components. The review discusses the mechanisms of reactions involved in the heavy feedstock hydroprocessing, the presumed structure and state of the catalytically active components and methods for the formation of supports with the desired texture. Practically used and prospective approaches to catalytic upgrading of heavy oil feedstock as well as examples of industrial processing of bitumen and vacuum residues in the presence of catalysts are briefly discussed. The bibliography includes 140 references.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1070/RCR4486/pdf

Catalytic hydroprocessing of heavy oil feedstocks

Results of a study on the synthesis of two sets of zeolites of the MFI structural type with a crystal size of a few microns (1–5 μm) in the first set and 120–140 nm in the second set and different Si/Al molar ratios of 20–220 in each of the sets have been described. The crystal sizes have been determined by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy; the phase, textural, and acid properties of the samples have been studied by XRD, nitrogen sorption by the BET method, and ammonia TPD, respectively. The synthesized samples have been tested in the model n-hexane catalytic cracking reaction; the catalytic properties of the samples with respect to n-hexane conversion and the protolytic cracking, dehydrogenation, and hydride transfer reactions have been compared. It has been shown that a key role in the catalyst activity is played by the combination of the strong acid site concentration and the pore hierarchy factor (HF); the maximum conversion is observed at a strong acid site concentration of 0.2 mmol/g and HF = 0.26.

Catalytic Cracking of n-Hexane in the Presence of Zeolite ZSM-5 Micro- and Nanocrystals

The dynamic capacity of a set of sorbents prepared by calcination of different precursors was studied in multiple CO2 sorption-regeneration cycles. The effect exerted by type of a precursor and calcination temperature on the steady state value of the dynamic capacity attained after several tens of cycles was determined. A model was suggested for estimate of the sorption capacity of CaO sintered above the Tammann temperature from data on the mercury porosimetry.

Effect exerted by texture of calcined calcium oxide on its sorption capacity in the CO2 sorption-regeneration cycles

It was shown for the example of ZSM-23 zeolite with Si/Al = 50 that medium-porous zeolites with MTT structure are effective catalysts for gas-phase isomerization of ethylene into acetaldehyde. At 300–400°C, a nearly 100% conversion of ethylene oxide is observed, and the selectivity of its conversion to acetaldehyde exceeds 90%. The main by-products of the reaction are crotonic aldehyde and dioxane. ZSM-23 zeolite exhibits a higher selectivity and stability as compared with ZSM-5 zeolite having a 3D MFI structure. This zeolite provides an output of more than 28 g of acetaldehyde per gram of the catalyst per hour.

A. I. Lysikov

Papers

Catalytic hydroprocessing of heavy oil feedstocks

Catalytic Cracking of n-Hexane in the Presence of Zeolite ZSM-5 Micro- and Nanocrystals

Effect exerted by texture of calcined calcium oxide on its sorption capacity in the CO2 sorption-regeneration cycles

Isomerization of Ethylene Oxide into Acetaldehyde on Zeolite with MTT (ZSM-23 Type) Structure