Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) are of concern to agriculture in the southeastern United States because of their potential to cause significant damage to economically important plants. These keys are intended to aid diagnosticians attempting to identify planthopper crop pests. This work includes lists of pathogen vectors and those species considered pests of economically important plants grown in the region, brief descriptions of planthopper collecting and curating techniques, a summary of morphological features used for identification, a revised key for identification of planthoppers to family, a key to the economically important delphacids, and a list of literature useful for planthopper identification.

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Keys to the Families of Fulgoromorpha with Emphasis on Planthoppers of Potential Economic Importance in the Southeastern United States (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha)

Preface.- Chapter 1: Agro-ecological distribution of legumes in farming systems and identification of biophysical niches for legumes growth, Nandwa SM (The late), Obanyi SN and Mafongoya PL.- Chapter 2: Socio- economic contribution of Legumes to Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa Odendo M, Bationo A and Kimani S.- Chapter 3: Inter And Intra-Specific Variation Of Legumes And Mechanisms To Access And Adapt To Less Available Soil Phosphorus And Rock Phosphate, Nandwa SM (The late), Bationo A, Obanyi SN, Rao IM, Sanginga N and Vanlauwe B.- Chapter 4: Legume based cropping systems and soil biodiversity dynamics Karanja NK, Kimenju JM, Esilaba AO, Jefwa J and Ayuke F.- Chapter 5: Strategies to adapt, disseminate and scale out legume based technologies Mugendi DN, Waswa BS, Mucheru MW and Kimetu JM.- Chapter 6: Comparative Analysis of the Current and Potential Role of Legumes in Integrated Soil Fertility Management in West and Central Africa Bationo A, Kimetu J, Vanlauwe B, Bagayoko M, Koala S and Mokwunye AU.- Chapter 7: Comparative Analysis of the Current and Potential Role of Legumes in Integrated Soil Fertility Management in East Africa Mugendi DN, Waswa BS, Mucheru M, Kimetu JM and Palm C.- Chapter 8: Comparative Analysis of the Current and Potential Role of Legumes in Integrated Soil Fertility Management in Southern Africa Mapfumo P.- Chapter 9: Options for improving plant nutrition to increase common bean productivity in Africa Jansa J, Bationo A, Frossard E and Rao IM.- Conclusion and the way forward

Fighting poverty in sub-Saharan Africa : the multiple roles of legumes in integrated soil fertility management

White grubs, termites, millipedes, wireworms and earwigs bore holes in developing groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) pods throughout the semi‐arid tropics. White grubs and termites also damage the roots. The above‐ground pests include Spodoptera litura Fab. and the groundnut leaf miner Aproaerema modicella Deventer in Asia. Aphids transmit a number of virus diseases. A thrips Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) is the vector of bud necrosis disease, which is a serious problem in Asia, southern USA and Australia. Jassids can cause much foliar damage, but their pest status is not certain, except as virus vectors. The pest control options lead away from insecticides, which are often available and are too expensive, towards exploiting host plant resistance and natural control and employing management techniques that restrict pest activity.

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Groundnut pests and their control in the semi‐arid tropics

Pest complex in agroforestry systems: the Malawi experience

During a five-year field study, we made observations and conducted experiments to demonstrate unequivocally that Euphyonarthex phyllostoma (Fulgoromorpha: Tettigometridae) is a myrmecophile. Isolated adults and colonies always were found in association with ants. Colonies were associated only with Camponotus brutus or C. acvapimensis (Formicinae), whereas isolated adults were attended by ants belonging to several species of Formicinae, Dolichoderinae, and Myrmicinae. The size of the planthopper colonies reached higher levels when attended by C. brutus than by C. acvapimensis. Experiments using ant exclusion showed that both ant species protected egg masses against parasitic wasps, but egg masses were less parasitized on trees occupied by C. brutus than on those occupied by C. acvapimensis (P = 0.0052). The production of egg masses by female hoppers was recorded only when C. brutus, C. acvapimensis, or the myrmicine ant Myrmicaria opaciventris attended the hopper. In both former cases, the presenc...

Ant Defense of Euphyonarthex phyllostoma (Homoptera: Tettigometridae) during Trophobiotic Associations1

Infestation by Hilda patruelis (Stal) periodically damages groundnut crops in Zimbabwe and is usually discovered too late for the successful application of control measures. Observations on crop infestation and the appearance of damage symptoms are discussed. A relation between reported infestation and droughts is indicated. Laboratory and field observations on the biology of the tettigometrid are reported. One generation was completed in 37 days at 23 deg C; there were 5 nymphal instars, and all stages were gregarious. Breeding occurred continuously on subterranean and aerial parts of numerous species of food-plants. There were indications of a dispersal flight at the end of the dry season and when food-plants became unsuitable through senescence, disease or water stress. The encyrtid Psyllechthrus oophagus Ghesq. (the only known parasite of H. patruelis in Zimbabwe) was active throughout the year and appeared to parasitise eggs on both subterranean and aerial sites. No common or specific predators were recorded, but adults of the coccinellid Hyperaspis were observed feeding on the eggs of Hilda patruelis. Ants, including Pheidole megacephala (F.), Crematogaster castanea F. Sm. and Camponotus sp., were invariably in attendance and are probably essential for the maintenance of root-zone infestations. An annual cycle for H. patruelis is suggested

A. J. S. Weaving

Papers

Observations on Hilda patruelis Stal. (Homoptera: Tettigometridae) and its infestation of the groundnut crop in Rhodesia.