/pdf/upstream-greenhouse-gas-ghg-emissions-from-canadian-oil-1yn1kh8x0a.pdf

Upstream greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from Canadian oil sands as a feedstock for European reneries

Oilsand is a mixture of bitumen, which is an extra heavy oil (>1000 kg·m−3), and mineral matter. This chapter focuses on Canadian oilsands specifically, because it highlights the challenges that are related to bitumen composition and lack of bitumen fluidity. The production of bitumen from oilsands by mining and recovery by extraction, as well as the in situ recovery of bitumen from oilsands deposits, is described. The use of these methods to recover bitumen, as opposed to conventional crude oil recovery, is related to the low fluidity of the bitumen. The characterisation of bitumen, the upgrading of bitumen to fuels and the main conversion processes employed for bitumen upgrading are discussed. Environmental issues, such as the thermal efficiency (CO2 footprint) and water management, are pointed out. At present oil derived from oilsands deposits contributes 2 % of global oil supply and it is likely to increase. Some of the production and upgrading challenges for the future are outlined.

Unconventional Oil and Gas: Oilsands

Unconventional oil refers to crude oil that is in deposits where the oil is difficult to produce and/or transport in its native state. Oil sand is a mixture of high-viscosity organic matter (bitumen) and mineral matter. The properties of bitumen largely reflect the limited amount of light material present in native bitumen, which causes it to have a high density, high viscosity, and high heteroatom content. The chapter focuses on Canadian oilsands to illustrate how oilsands differ from conventional crude oil with respect to properties, recovery, and transport. The production of bitumen from oilsands by mining and recovery by extraction, as well as the subsurface recovery of bitumen from oilsands deposits, is described. The difference between upgrading to produce a pipeline transportable oil product and refining to final products that are of use to society is explained.

Unconventional Oil: Oilsands

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/pdf/oxidation-of-dibenzothiophene-to-dibenzothiophene-sulfone-qijshnpcm6.pdf

Oxidation of dibenzothiophene to dibenzothiophene sulfone using metal nanoparticles supported on silica

World marker crude Brent blend was assayed in August 1994. The price of this 38[degree]API, 0.04 wt % crude from the U.K. North Sea is used to determine the prices of many other world crudes. Brent's qualities have changed since an assay of the crude was last published in the Journal, at which time the stream recently had been commingled with Ninian blend. API gravity has increased by only 0.5[degree] and sulfur content, by 0.05 wt%, but the crude's pour point has decreased from [minus]12 to [minus]42 C. Some say Brent's future as a world marker crude is in jeopardy, as Bent fields are in decline and BP's lease at the Sullom Voe terminal, in the Shetland Islands north of Scotland, expires in the year 2000. In fact, Shell Exploration and Production has begun a program to redevelop Brent for gas production, although this will recover additional crude as well.

A.K. Rhodes

Papers

Brent blend, U. K. North Sea marker crude, assayed