Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals

Comparative Animal Physiology By Prof. David W. Bishop, Prof. Frank A. Brown Jr., Prof. Theodore L. Jahn, Prof. C. Ladd Prosser and Prof. Verner J. Wulff. Prof. C. Ladd Prosser, Editor. Pp. ix + 888. (Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Co., 1950.) 63s.

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Comparative Animal Physiology

A review of the medicinal potentials of plants of the genus Vernonia (Asteraceae).

Erlotinib-HCl is a quinazoline derivative used as a drug in the therapy of non-small-cell lung cancer. The present study was conducted to compare the subacute toxicity induced by Erlotinib-HCl delivered to rats as nanoparticles and as free drug. Wistar rats were orally administered with a daily dosage of 200 mg kg −1 Erlotinib-HCl either as free drug or as Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) encapsulated nanoparticles. After four weeks of treatment, the animals were analyzed for toxicological changes. Although nanoparticulate form of the drug did not induce any toxicity, free drug significantly reduced the levels of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC) and haemoglobin, while increasing the levels of neutrophils and corpuscular haemoglobin. Moreover, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly increased in the animals administered with free drug. Histopathological studies confirmed significant damage to the internal organs of animals treated with free drug. Whereas, the internal organs of animals treated with the drug encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles were more or less similar to the healthy organs. Our results show that Erlotinib-HCl delivered in the form of nanoparticles has less toxic effect than the free drug in experimental rats.

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Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoencapsulation reduces Erlotinib-induced subacute toxicity in rat.

Part 1 Basic principles: the effect of climate maintenance of health - preventive medicine and the role of epidemiology, types of production loss due to ill health, the causes, nature and control of disease, disease caused by worms - arthropods and disease nutrition and feeding - food components, evaluation of food, types of feed available reproduction and breeding - the reproductive cycle, the basis of inheritance, breeding livestock for tropical environments. Part 2 Husbandry: cattle - numbers, distribution, types of tropical cattle, production systems in the tropics, the planning and development of beef enterprises, the planning and equipping of dairy farms, estimation of body and carcase weight, dentition of cattle as an indication of age buffalo - origin, distribution, breeds and breeding, adaptability, growth, nutrition, production, common diseases of buffalo sheep - origin, numbers and distribution, breeds, reproductive behaviour, feeding and management, diseases and parasites, productivity goats - origin and classification, population and distribution, breeds and breeding, systems of management, rearing, feeding, diseases and parasites, potential production camels - origin, numberss and distriubtion, breeds, some anatomical and physiological characteristics, reproductive behaviour, feeds and feeding, health, management, productivity llamoids of new world camelidae - llama, alpaca, guanaco and vicuna - origin, numbers and distribution, reproductive behaviour, nutritional characteristics, management, disease, productivity the donkeys - origin, numbers and distribution, morphology and anatomy, physiology of adaptation, reprodution and breeding, types and breeds, nutrition and feeding, diseases and parasites, management game animals - reasons for preservation of wild game, tropical regions where game could be an economic asset, methods of using wild game for meat production, wild game products, pigs - the worldwide distribution of pigs, origin of domestic pigs, major breeds used in the tropics, selection of breeding pigs, reproductive behaviour, feeds and feeding, health and management, domesticated birds - domestic fowl, ducks, geese, turkeys, peafowl, Japanese quail, guinea fowl, ostrich, pigeons, marketing of poultry. Part 3 Animal products: milk and milk products - production and consumption, the role of milk in improving nutrition, milk composition and properties, quality, organizing milk collection and sales, milk processing, tropical milk products meat and carcass by-products - animal growth, ante mortem management and inspection, slaughtering and carcass, dressing, meat hygiene, by-products animal fibres - typtes, histology and physiology, harvesting and classification, problems with fibre production.

An introduction to animal husbandry in the tropics. With a foreword by R. S. Marshall.

Proximate composition was conducted to investigate the nutrient quality of heat treated poultry litter. The litter was subjected to heat treatment by deep stacking at temperature range of 40.10-55 C o

Proximate Composition of Heat Treated Poultry Litter (Layers)

SUMMARY An investigation was carried out for recycling of poultry litter by incorporating it in animal feed to reduce the risk of polluting the environment and reduce the cost of feed. Twenty-four 2 – 3 months old growing rabbits (Chinchilla breed) were used to evaluate the nutritive quality of poultry litter (PL). Soy Bean Meal (SBM) in the diets was replaced with poultry litter at 0,5,10 and 15% (21.70, 48.4, and 65.2%) levels, respectively in a study that lasted twelve weeks. The rabbits were divided into four groups and each group was assigned to one of the four dietary treatments in a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD). Results obtained showed that the inclusion of poultry litter had significant (P<0.05) effects on mean weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency. These indices were better on 0% (control) and 5% when compared to 10% and 15% levels of inclusion. The economics of production indicated a better performance on those fed poultry litter over the control group in all the indices vis-a-vis cost/kg feed (N), cost/kg weight gain (N) and relative cost (%) measured suggesting that poultry litter has an economic advantage over soy bean meal as protein supplement in diet formulation. From the results obtained, poultry litter could replace up to 5% (21.70) of soy bean meal in growing rabbits diet without detrimental effects on growth performance. This study justifies the practical possibility of using poultry litter as dietary protein source using rabbits as a model and also provides an environmentally friendly way of disposing this pollutant.

Incorporating poultry litter in rabbit feed: a solid waste management strategy

The effect of graded levels of Vernonia amygdalina leaf meal (VALM) on serum lipid profile of broiler finisher chickens was studied. A total of 144 Marshal brooded broilers weighing 500 – 610g were randomly distributed into 4 groups of 36 birds each and assigned to 0%, 5%,10% and 15% levels of VALM in a study that lasted for 28 days. The serum total cholesterol, triglycerol, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were determined from blood samples at the end of the study. The serum concentration of cholesterol was significantly (p 0.05) in the concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in both the control and the treated groups. While the inclusion of V.amygdalina reduced the levels of cholesterol and triglycerol at all levels to some extent, it further increased the levels of the HDL-C numerically at all levels of inclusion. These findings may be of clinical importance to individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease.

https://scihub.org/ABJNA/PDF/2011/6/ABJNA-2-6-1038-1041.pdf

Lipid – lowering effects of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) in broiler chickens fed finishers’ mash

A study was carried out to determine the effect of feeding graded levels of poultry litter on the physiological characteristics of rabbits. The litter was heat treated by deep stacking at a temperature range of 40.10-55°C (104.20-131°F) for 21 days. This was done to ensure pathogenic microbial safety when used as animal feed supplement. A twelve week feeding trial was conducted using 24 (2-3 months-old) Chinchilla rabbits to asses the effect of substituting Poultry Litter (PL) for Soya Bean Meal (SBM) on cortisol, total protein, cholesterol and enzyme serology of the rabbits. Soya bean meal in the diets was replaced with poultry litter at 0% (Diet A-Control), 5% (Diet B), 10% (Diet C) and 15% (Diet D). The rabbits were divided into four groups with each group assigned to one of the four dietary treatments in a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD). Each treatment was replicated three times. At the end of the feeding trial, blood samples were collected from three rabbits from each treatment group for cortisol, total protein, cholesterol and enzymological analysis. Results obtained showed that the inclusion of poultry litter had no significant (p>0.5) effect on cortisol, total protein, cholesterol and enzymes (Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP). However, the rabbits on Diet A (0% PL) and Diet B (5% PL) gave better values numerically in cortisol and chemical components. This study justifies the practical possibility of having poultry litter as dietary protein source for animals using rabbits as a model and also provides an environmentally and economically friendly way of disposing this pollutant.

Physiological Responses of Weaner Rabbits Fed Graded Levels of Poultry Litter

A 12 week feeding trial was conducted using 24 (2-3 months-old) Chinchilla rabbits to assess the economic effect of substituting poultry litter (PL) for soy bean meal (SBM). Soy bean meal in the diets was replaced with poultry litter at 0% (Diet A-control), 5% (Diet B), 10% (Diet C) and 15% (Diet D). The rabbits were divided into four groups; each group was assigned to one of the four dietary treatments in a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD). Each treatment was replicated three times. The economics of production indicated a better performance in poultry litter substituted diets over the control group in all the indices vis-a- vis cost/kg feed (₦), cost/kg weight gain, cost of weight gain (₦) and relative cost (%) measured suggesting that poultry litter has an economic advantage over soy bean meal as protein supplement in ratio n formulation.

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A. O. Amakiri

Papers

Proximate Composition of Heat Treated Poultry Litter (Layers)

Incorporating poultry litter in rabbit feed: a solid waste management strategy

Lipid – lowering effects of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) in broiler chickens fed finishers’ mash

Physiological Responses of Weaner Rabbits Fed Graded Levels of Poultry Litter

The Biologic and Economic Effect of Introducing Poultry Waste in Rabbit Diets