The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article, we survey the literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid. We explore three major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. We also propose possible future directions in each system. colorred{Specifically, for the smart infrastructure system, we explore the smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem.} For the smart management system, we explore various management objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission. We also explore various management methods to achieve these objectives. For the smart protection system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid.

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Smart Grid — The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey

Smart Grid - The New and Improved Power Grid:

Phasor Measurement Techniques.- Phasor Estimation of Nominal Frequency Inputs.- Phasor Estimation at Off-Nominal Frequency Inputs.- Frequency Estimation.- Phasor Measurement Units and Phasor Data Concentrators.- Transient Response of Phasor Measurement Units.- Phasor Measurement Applications.- State Estimation.- Control with Phasor Feedback.- Protection Systems with Phasor Inputs.- Electromechanical Wave Propagation.

Synchronized Phasor Measurements and Their Applications

This paper presents a conceptual framework to successfully integrate electric vehicles into electric power systems. The proposed framework covers two different domains: the grid technical operation and the electricity markets environment. All the players involved in both these processes, as well as their activities, are described in detail. Additionally, several simulations are presented in order to illustrate the potential impacts/benefits arising from the electric vehicles grid integration under the referred framework, comprising steady-state and dynamic behavior analysis.

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Integration of Electric Vehicles in the Electric Power System

Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences

A power system state estimation based on (a) multiphase model, (b) voltage and current waveform measurements, (c) synchronized measurements and (d) multifrequency model (i.e. the approach accounts for waveform distortion or harmonics) is formulated. The paper focuses on the following: (a) modeling, (b) implementation, (c) observability and (d) performance. Sensitivity analysis is used to show how transmission line modeling and measurement schemes affect the performance of harmonic state estimation. The overall performance of the system is described in terms of confidence level versus error. These concepts are illustrated with simple systems. The overall harmonic measurement system is scheduled for installation and field evaluation on the NYPA/New York Power Pool transmission system by the end of 1993. >

Power system harmonic state estimation

This paper addresses the problem of computing the ground potential rise of grounding systems during transients. Finite element analysis is employed to model the constituent parts of a grounding system. Short lengths of earth embedded electrodes are characterized as transmission lines with distributed inductance, capacitance and leakage resistance to earth. Leakage resistance to earth is accurately computed with the method of moments. The other parameters of the finite element, namely inductance and capacitance, are computed from the resistance utilizing Maxwell's equations. This modeling enables the computation of the transient response of substation grounding systems to fast or slow waves striking the substation. The result is obtained in terms of a convolution of the step response of the system and the striking wave. In this way the impedance of substation systems to 60 cycles is accurately computed. Results demonstrate the dependence of the 60 cycle impedance on system parameters. The methodology allows to interface this model of a substation ground mat with the Electromagnetic Transient Analysis Program thus, allowing explicit representation of earth effects in electromagmatic transients computations.

Transient Analysis of Grounding Systems

This paper presents investigations into various aspects of how plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) could impact the electric power system. The investigation is focused on impacts on the power system infrastructure and impacts on the primary fuel utilizations due to PHEV charging. The investigation is presented in terms of examples of typical systems. Methodologies are presented for computing loss of life of distribution transformers, which sets the basis for needed expansion or upgrades of systems with PHEV penetration. In addition, a methodology is presented for evaluating the impact on primary fuel source utilization considering all the operating constraints of an electric power system. Examples of fuel utilization impact are presented for various levels of PHEV penetration. In general, PHEVs cause a shift of fuel utilization from petroleum to less expensive fuels utilized by electric power utilities.

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Power System Level Impacts of PHEVs

This paper presents an investigation into an aspect of how plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) could impact the electric power system The investigation is focused on the impact of the additional electrical load PHEV charging will have on primary energy source utilization and subsequent environmental air pollution (EAP) as emissions are transferred from vehicle tailpipes to powerplants A methodology is presented for evaluating the impact on primary energy source utilization, considering all the operating constraints of an electric power system, as well as, the realistic operation of PHEVs Examples of energy source utilization impacts are presented for various levels of PHEV penetration on a specific power system In general, PHEVs cause a shift of fuel utilization from gasoline to, a more diversified fuel source, utilized by electric power utilities The results are particularly sensitive to the generation mix of the specific power system simulated

Power System Level Impacts of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Simulation Data

Several important research areas in electric power quality are described. Aspects of electric power quality are categorized as fundamental concepts, modeling and analysis, measurement and instrumentation, sources, solutions, effects, and educational issues. The goals are to identify the high-priority research areas in electric power quality and to stimulate interest in this topic. >

A.P.S. Meliopoulos

Papers

Power system harmonic state estimation

Transient Analysis of Grounding Systems

Power System Level Impacts of PHEVs

Power System Level Impacts of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Simulation Data

Directions of research on electric power quality