Cenozoic plate reconstruction of Southeast Asia

Cenozoic plate reconstruction of the South China Sea region

Petroleum generation and migration from Talang Akar coals and shales offshore N. W. Java, Indonesia

Oil and gas are produced from the onshore South Sumatra Basin Province. The province consists of Tertiary half-graben basins infilled with carbonate and clastic sedimentary rocks unconformably overlying pre-Tertiary metamorphic and igneous rocks. Eocene through lower Oligocene lacustrine shales and Oligocene through lower Miocene lacustrine and deltaic coaly shales are the mature source rocks. Reserves of 4.3 billion barrels of oil equivalent have been discovered in reservoirs that range from preTertiary basement through upper Miocene sandstones and carbonates deposited as synrift strata and as marine shoreline, deltaic-fluvial, and deep-water strata. Carbonate and sandstone reservoirs produce oil and gas primarily from anticlinal traps of PlioPleistocene age. Stratigraphic trapping and faulting are important locally. Production is compartmentalized due to numerous intraformational seals. The regional marine shale seal, deposited by a maximum sea level highstand in early middle Miocene time, was faulted during post-depositional folding allowing migration of hydrocarbons to reservoirs above the seal. The province contains the Lahat/Talang Akar-Cenozoic total petroleum system with one assessment unit, South Sumatra.

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South Sumatra Basin Province, Indonesia; the Lahat/Talang Akar-Cenozoic total petroleum system

Abstract The Tertiary basins of the Sunda Shelf of SE Asia were formed in the ?Mid- to Late Eocene and accumulated thick intervals of syn-rift lacustrine and low salinity organic rich shales throughout the Late Palaeogene. Towards the end of the Oligocene and into the Early Miocene marine transgression occurred throughout the region. A change to deep open marine sedimentation followed by a general shallowing and deposition throughout the Neogene, of great thicknesses of marginal marine and paralic sediments. The syn-rift sediments are the most important hydrocarbon source rocks in this region, although precise dating of them is difficult due to the long-ranging nature of the palynomorphs and the paucity of the microfauna. However characteristics of the depositional environments and nature of the source rocks deposited within separate provincial basins that were wholly or partially landlocked can be assessed from a detailed examination of the isolated palynomorph and kerogen assemblages. A classification of lacustrine depositional environments within the region on this basis is presented.

Early Tertiary basin formation and the development of Lacustrine and quasi-lacustrine/marine source rocks on the Sunda Shelf of SE Asia

In the ARII (Atlantic Richfield Indonesia Inc.) Offshore Northwest Java contract area, the Oligocene Talang Akar depositional environments have previously been broadly defined as deltaic and marine. An improved interpretation leads to the determination of four environments: 1) continental, 2) delta complex, 3) shore-zone, and 4) shelf. Data from wells, seismic reflection sections and biostratigraphic/paleoenvironmental studies were used to develop the new interpretation. Each depositional environment is characterized by specific lithofacies and seismic facies which can be related to hydrocarbon potential. The shore-zone, a newly defined environment, was previously identified as either a delta complex or a fully marine setting. The geometry and type of potential reser voir rocks in the shore-zone differ from those of the delta complex. The exploration implications of this interpretation lead to a reevaluation of the hydrocarbon play types which were previously based on the delta model. Both the delta complex and shore-zone environments have good hydrocarbon potential in terms of source and reservoir rocks. Hydrocarbons accumulate either by migrating from source rocks to surrounding channel and bar sands or updip to the structural and stratigraphic traps. The depositional history of the Talang Akar formation has been sub-divided into four stages. Each stage corresponds to a specific geologic time as inferred from biostratigraphic zonation. Sedimentation rates, topography and subsidence rates are the three major factors controlling this continuous marine transgressive sequence. The sedimentation rates were primarily control led by the local topographic relief. The rates varied from zero in the non-depositional plains to more than 20 cm/1000 yr in the depressions. Growth faulting enhanced the rate of sediment deposition.

Improved Interpretation of the Talang Akar Depositional Environment as an Aid to Hydrocarbon Exploration in the ARII Offshore Northwest Java Contract Area

Water is one of the basic needs for human life, including for people living on the coast. It is difficult to get clean water for consumption because most coastal areas are affected by sea conditions that have high salinity. In order to be consumed, the saline water must be desalinated. Desalination is a process to convert saline water into fresh water. One such desalination technology is using reverse osmosis (RO). The purpose of this study was to determine the process of desalination of seawater into freshwater using the seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) method. The method used in this research is observation, which is to see directly the stages of the desalination process of seawater into fresh water. The data was obtained in the form of primary data from observations and secondary data from the literature to support primary data. Analysis of the data used in the form of descriptive analysis by describing each stage carried out in the SWRO process. The results showed that the seawater desalination process using SWRO technology had 14 stages. These stages include; intake, raw water pump, raw water reservoir, UF feed pump, Automatic screen, ultrafiltration, UF water reservoir, RO feed pump, HPP & booster, RO membrane, RO water reservoir, permeate pump, chlorine analyzer, product water. In developed and developing countries, SWRO units have been widely used, because by processing seawater into freshwater, there are many benefits for the life cycle and it is environmentally friendly. It also maintains underground fresh water so that it can provide plant life, and trees that provide us with clean oxygen for our lives.

Using Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Technology in Seawater Desalination Processes

Mangroves are forest vegetation that grows between tidal lines so that mangrove forests are also called tidal forests. Mangrove ecosystems have high biodiversity. The mangrove ecosystem has a physical function to protect the coast from abrasion and erosion, this ecosystem also has ecological and economic value. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition and extent of mangrove distribution on the coast of Karawang Regency. The research was carried out on the coast of Karawang Regency from March to June 2021. The data used is primary data by directly observing the research location and secondary data using remote sensing data from the Landsat 8 satellite. Image data processing and analysis is carried out using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) method which can create a boundary between mangrove and non-mangrove. With this method, it can be seen the changes in the mangrove distribution area from year to year. The results of data processing and analysis show that in 2013 the distribution of mangroves on the coast of Karawang Regency has an area of ​​207.88 km2, in 2016 it has an area of ​​357.22 km2 and in 2020 its area is 237.61 km2.

Mapping the distribution of mangrove by remote sensing in the coastal of karawang regency

"Krosok" salt, or "Crude Solar Salt", is salt produced through the evaporation and crystallization of seawater. Some krosok salts have different qualities, and this is influenced by the quality of seawater as raw material, available production facilities and post-harvest handling. This krosok salt is mainly produced by salt farmers along the north coast of Karawang Regency. This study aimed to determine the quality of krosok salt obtained from salt farmers in Karawang Regency and to raise salt quality standards to increase the sale value of salt by creating healthy and industrial salt products. The method is to re-crystallize the "krosok" salt by adding binders or additives. Based on the results of the salt crystal test in the laboratory, it is known that the crystallization of "krosok" salt in Karawang Regency has a NaCl content of up to 99.35%; this value is already above the SNI quality standard of 98% as health salt. Meanwhile, for hazardous materials such as (Hg) and (As), the content is around 0.001%, below the SNI threshold of 0.1%.

A. Pranoto

Papers

Improved Interpretation of the Talang Akar Depositional Environment as an Aid to Hydrocarbon Exploration in the ARII Offshore Northwest Java Contract Area

Using Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Technology in Seawater Desalination Processes

Mapping the distribution of mangrove by remote sensing in the coastal of karawang regency

Analysis of The Standard Quality of The Crude Solar Salt become The Health and Industry's Salt in Karawang District