Introduction Part I. The Sources of French Security Policy: 1. The social dynamics of security policy making 2. Two approaches to security Part II. War and the Politics of National Security, 1914-1918: 3. The primacy of the balance of power, 1914-1916 4. The coming of a new world order, 1917 5. National deliverance and post-war planning Part III. Peace and Security, 1918-1919: 6. The political contexts of peacemaking 7. Towards a post-war security order 8. The Rhineland settlement and the security of France Part IV. Imposing Security: 9. Post-war dilemmas: enforcement or engagement? 10. Briand and the emergence of a multilateral alternative 11. The politics of confrontation Part V. The Cartel des Gauches and the 'Internationalisation of Security': 12. A new approach: arbitration, security, disarmament 13. Locarno Conclusion.

Beyond the Balance of Power: France and the Politics of National Security in the Era of the First World War

............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Figures ................................................................................................................. vi Note on Transliteration, Names, and Conventions: ........................................................... iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. v Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... x

Doctoring the bled: Medical auxiliaries and the administration of rural life in colonial Algeria, 1904-1954

Introduction 1. Colonization and the settler state 2. Racial constructs and martial theories 3. Precedents of military pragmatism 4. Dominion Defence Acts 5. 1914: subjugated spectators 6. 1915-16: King and country call 7. 1917-18: all the King's men 8. Indigenous soldiers 9. The home front 10. Peace with prejudice Conclusion Bibliography Index.

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Indigenous Peoples of the British Dominions and the First World War

Race and Recruitment in World War I: Enlistment of Visible Minorities in the Canadian Expeditionary Force

This thesis examines the relationships and interactions between British and French soldiers on the Western Front of the First World War. To date the historical approaches to inter-allied relations has been predominantly focused on those interactions taking place at governmental or command levels. Whilst previous studies have touched on the relations between common soldiers, this has often been within specific case studies. I have drawn particularly on the contemporary diaries, letters and written records of British soldiers within the Imperial War Museum and also the postal censorship records of the French army at the Archives de l’armee de terre in order to trace the nature and evolution of these relations across the war. My study covers the time-period of 1914-1918 and focuses on periods of sustained contact in 1914, 1916 and 1918.

This focus shows that the arrival of Kitchener’s New Armies in 1915-16 was a crucial development in forming strong relations between British and French soldiers. British military command took little interest and made no substantial plans for ensuring friendly relations between soldiers of the two armies and, as a result, these early interactions were largely self-directed by the soldiers. They were also driven by the apparent insecurities of the British volunteer soldiers who viewed themselves as being less accomplished than their French fellows, who were largely well-disposed to welcoming and teaching the new British arrivals in order to achieve swift victory. I argue that, although serendipitous in nature, this uneven starting point allowed relations between British and French armies to evolve positively whilst allowing both sides to maintain a sense of their own national identity without having to overly sacrifice their own ideals. However, the French desire for a decisive victory and a professional response in the trenches led to a rupture in Tommy-Poilu relations following the British failures in 1918. This changed the dynamic between the two nations in the build up to, and aftermath of, the armistice and provided a prelude to the difficult inter-war relationships at governmental levels.

Unwilling allies?: Tommy-Poilu relations on the Western Front 1914-1918

World War I marked the final phase of French colonial expansion. France's African war aims were determined not by the cabinet but by the leaders of the colonialist movement and by a handful of African enthusiasts in the colonial and foreign ministries. Most of these men harboured the unrealistic aim of acquiring not merely German territory but also other foreign ‘enclaves’ in A.O.F. At the peace conference, however, France's African gains were limited to mandates over the greater part of German West Africa.Before August 1914 no government had given serious thought to the potential contribution of French Africa, either in men or raw materials, to a war in Europe. The enormous losses on the Western Front led to the recruitment of French Africa's first great conscript army. By the end of the War French Africa had sent 450,000 soldiers and 135,000 factory workers to Europe. The crisis of French food supply also led in 1917–18 to the first concerted campaign, mounted jointly by the colonialists and the colonial ministry, for the mise en valeur of the Empire. But France's shipping losses made it impossible to increase her African imports.In the aftermath of victory French Africa appeared genuinely popular in France for the first time. The main reason for that popularity was the naive belief that the resources of the Empire would free France from dependence on foreign suppliers and speed her post-war recovery. When the resources of the Empire proved even slower to arrive than reparations, the Empire quickly lost its newfound popularity. The War nonetheless left behind it the myth of the Empire as a limitless reservoir of men and raw materials: a myth which, though dormant for most of the inter-war years, was to be revived by the coming of World War II.

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A. S. Kanya-Forstner

Papers

France, Africa, and the First World War