Soil Chemical Analysis

Interest in “green nanotechnology” in nanoparticle biosynthesis is growing among researchers. Nanotechnologies, due to their physicochemical and biological properties, have applications in diverse fields, including drug delivery, sensors, optoelectronics, and magnetic devices. This review focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant sources. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is an eco-friendly approach, which should be further explored for the potential of different plants to synthesize nanoparticles. The sizes of AgNPs are in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Characterization of synthesized nanoparticles is accomplished through UV spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. AgNPs have great potential to act as antimicrobial agents. The green synthesis of AgNPs can be efficiently applied for future engineering and medical concerns. Different types of cancers can be treated and/or controlled by phytonanotechnology. The present review provides a comprehensive survey of plant-mediated synthesis of AgNPs with specific focus on their applications, e.g., antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.

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Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Their Characteristic Properties and Therapeutic Applications.

Objective To synthesis silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) wastages and to test their antibacterial activity against six bacteria. Methods In this paper, the synthesis of AgNPs using aqueous extract of saffron wastage as a green method without any chemical stabilizer and reducer is demonstrated. The synthesized AgNPs were determined by UV–vis spectrum, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy analysis. Results UV–vis spectrum showed a peak at 450 nm due to excitation of surface plasmon vibrations. Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy showed that nanoparticles were capped with plant secondary metabolites. X-ray diffraction analysis also demonstrated that the size range of the synthesized nanoparticles was 12–20 nm. Transmission electron microscope image illustrated AgNPs with spherical shape and an average size of 15 nm. The result of antibacterial activities showed that the biosynthesized AgNPs had an inhibiting activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella flexneri and Bacillus subtilis. Conclusions The biosynthesized AgNPs showed significant antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella flexneri and Bacillus subtilis, so, it can be used in biomedical applications.

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1458502.pdf

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) wastages and its antibacterial activity against six bacteria

Antibacterial and cytotoxic effect of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous root extract of Erythrina indica lam

Microwave assisted rapid synthesis and biological evaluation of stable copper nanoparticles using T. arjuna bark extract

The present study was carried out to determine the physicochemical characteristics of water and sediment and the textural aspects of sediments in western mangroves of Kachchh-Gujarat, west coast of India, for a period of two years during 1999-2000. Surface water and sediment temperatures varied from 17 o C to 37 o C and from 18.4 o C to 37 o C respectively. Tidal amplitude varied from 0.03m to 3.78 m. Salinity varied from 34.0 to 44 ‰ and the pH in water and sediment ranged between 7.0 and 8.9 and 6.29 and 8.45 respectively. Variation in dissolved oxygen content was from 3.42 to 5.85 ml l -1 . Concentrations of nutrients viz. nitrate (0.23 to 7.26 4M), nitrite (0.04 to 0.874M), phosphate (0.13 to 3.12 4M) and reactive silicate (4.23 to 19.02 4M) also varied independently. Total organic carbon varied from 0.29% to 2.56% and the total inorganic phosphorus ranged between 0.12 mg g -1 and 1.97 mg g -1 . Total nitrogen varied from 0.02 mg g -1 to 1.95 mg g -1 . Sediment textures ranges in terms of % of sand, clay and silt were: 0.26-19.2; 7.6-47 and 47-87.4 respectively in all the 3 stations. The nature of soil texture is characterized by the abundance of silty loam, silty clay and silty clay loam.

Seasonal variations in physico-chemical characteristics of water, sediment and soil texture in arid zone mangroves of Kachchh-Gujarat.

Efficient synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Prosopis juliflora leaf extract and its antimicrobial activity using sewage

The total benthic macrofauna consisting of 62 species in 5 groups, viz. crustaceans (18), gastropods (17), bivalves (16), polychaetes (9) and fishes (2), was recorded in western Kachchh mangroves near Gujarat. The population densities of benthic macrofauna ranged from 424 to 2393 ind.m−2, the diversity ranged from 1.84 to 2.45 bits ind.−1, the richness varied between 0.82 and 0.98, and the evenness varied between 0.64 and 0.81. Two maximum diversity values were recorded during winter and summer. The salinity ranged from 34 to 44, temperature varied between 17 and 37°C, and the acidity ranged from 7 to 8.9.

Benthic macrofaunal assemblage in the arid zone mangroves of gulf of Kachchh-Gujarat

The phytoplankton was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively in regard to their abundance in creek waters at three sites along the western mangrove of Kachchh. In total one hundred and four species of phytoplankton were identified. Among them 82 species diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), 16 species dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae), 3 species blue greens (Cyanophyceae) and 2 species were green algae. The density in all the three sites varied from 94,166.67 to 2,44,500 cells l(-1). The salinity ranged from 36 to 44 per thousand, temperature 17 to 35 degrees C and pH ranged from 7 to 8.9 respectively. These semi arid zone mangrove creek area having high densities were recorded during monsoon and early winter season.

Abundance and seasonal variations of phytoplankton in the creek waters of western mangrove of Kachchh-Gujarat.

2 Abstract: Crude leaf extracts of Pemphis acidula were evaluated for larvicidal, ovicidal and repellent activities against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h exposure. The LC values of methanol, benzene, acetone were 10.81, 41.07, 53.22ppm and 22.10, 43.99, 57.66ppm 50 respectively. Hundred percent ovicidal activities were observed at 350 ppm and 450 ppm. Skin repellent test at 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm2 concentration of P.acidula gave 100% protection up to 2.30, 4.00 and 6.45 hrs and 2.45, 4.30 and 7.0 hrs respectively. From the present study it was revealed that extracts from P. acidula can be effectively used in the control of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti.

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A. Saravanakumar

Papers

Seasonal variations in physico-chemical characteristics of water, sediment and soil texture in arid zone mangroves of Kachchh-Gujarat.

Efficient synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Prosopis juliflora leaf extract and its antimicrobial activity using sewage

Benthic macrofaunal assemblage in the arid zone mangroves of gulf of Kachchh-Gujarat

Abundance and seasonal variations of phytoplankton in the creek waters of western mangrove of Kachchh-Gujarat.

Larvicidal, Ovicidal and Repellent Activities of Pemphis acidula Forst. (Lythraceae) Against Filarial and Dengue Vector Mosquitoes