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Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment

Work function, electronegativity, and electrochemical behaviour of metals: III. Electrolytic hydrogen evolution in acid solutions

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in finding innovative solutions for the efficient removal of contaminants from water, soil and air. The present tutorial review summarizes the results of an extensive selection of papers dealing with electrochemical oxidation, which is proposed as an alternative for treating polluted wastes. Both the direct and indirect approaches are considered, and the role of electrode materials is discussed together with that of other experimental parameters. Apart from discussing the possibility of removing selected contaminants from water using different anodes, efficiency rates for pollutant removal have been collected, the dependence of these rates on operational conditions advantages and disadvantages determining the further full-scale commercial application.

Electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants for the wastewater treatment: direct and indirect processes

Electrocatalysis plays a key role in the energy conversion processes central to several renewable energy technologies that have been developed to lessen our reliance on fossil fuels. However, the best electrocatalysts for these processes—which include the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and the redox reactions that enable regenerative liquid-junction photoelectrochemical solar cells—often contain scarce and expensive noble metals, substantially limiting the potential for these technologies to compete with fossil fuels. The considerable challenge is to develop robust electrocatalysts composed exclusively of low-cost, earth-abundant elements that exhibit activity comparable to that of the noble metals. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the development of such high-performance earth-abundant inorganic electrocatalysts (and nanostructures thereof), classifying these materials based on their elemental constituents. We then detail the most critical obstacles facing earth-abundant inorganic electrocatalysts and discuss various strategies for further improving their performance. Lastly, we offer our perspectives on the current directions of earth-abundant inorganic electrocatalyst development and suggest pathways toward achieving performance competitive with their noble metal-containing counterparts.

Earth-abundant inorganic electrocatalysts and their nanostructures for energy conversion applications

Molecules adsorbed on evaporated thin metal films exhibit enormously strong infrared absorption. The thin metal films that exhibit the surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) consist of metal particles much smaller than the wavelength of light. Electric field associated with the incident infrared radiation is enhanced via the excitation of localized plasmon of the particles, yielding the absorption enhancement. Preferential orientation and the change in absorption coefficient of molecules caused by chemisorption onto the metal surface provide additional enhancement. Most characteristic observations in SEIRA experiments are well explained by a simple electromagnetic theory. The infrared spectroscopy utilizing the SEIRA effect is promising as a new surface analytical tool. In particular, it is very useful for in situ studies of electrode/electrolyte interfaces. By the combined use of the attenuated-total-reflection technique, reactions and adsorption/desorption of molecules at the interfaces can be inv...

Dynamic Processes in Electrochemical Reactions Studied by Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy (SEIRAS)

The anodic oxidation of benzene, toluene and anisole

Correlations between the rate of the hydrogen electrode reaction and the properties of alloys

A critical review is given of the literature dealing with the treatment of electrolyte decomposition in effluent streams.

A.T. Kuhn

Papers

The anodic oxidation of benzene, toluene and anisole

Correlations between the rate of the hydrogen electrode reaction and the properties of alloys

Electrolytic decomposition of cyanides, phenols and thiocyanates in effluent streams—a literature review

The behaviour of platinum, iridium and ruthenium electrodes in strong chloride solutions

A study of the passivation of bright platinum electrodes during chlorine evolution from concentrated sodium chloride solutions