List of boxes, figures and tables Preface Acknowledgements List of abbreviations List of main symbols used in UN documents Glossary Table of cases 1. Introduction Part I. The Birth and Development of the Principle: The UN General Assembly as Midwife: Introductory remarks to part I 2. The formative years (1945-1962) 3. Promoting economic development by the exercise of permanent sovereignty: the period after 1962 4. Permanent sovereignty, environmental protection and sustainable development 5. Permanent sovereignty over natural resources in territories under occupation or foreign administration Summary and appraisal of part I Part II. Natural-Resource Law in Practice: From Creeping National Jurisdiction Towards International Co-operation: Introductory remarks to part II 6. International investment law: from nationalism to pragmatism 7. The law of the sea: extension of control over marine resources 8. International environmental law: sovereignty versus the environment? Appraisal of part II Part III. Balancing Rights and Duties in an Increasingly Interdependent World: 9. Rights and claims: seeking evidence of recognition in international law 10. Duties: the other side of the coin 11. Sovereignty over natural resources as a basis for sustainable development Appendices Bibliography Index.

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Sovereignty over Natural Resources: Balancing Rights and Duties

A legal framework for a transnational offshore grid in the North Sea Most North Sea states consider offshore wind energy as a substantial contributor towards reaching their renewable energy targets. With the increasing number of offshore wind farms and the increasing distance from shore, the question of how to efficiently bring the electricity to shore is gaining importance. To date, the standard approach for transporting the energy to shore is to provide each wind farm with an individual park-to-shore cable. Due to the costs of submarine cables, the scarceness of acceptable cable routes and the potential conflicts with other users of the sea, new concepts are required. To harness the offshore wind energy in a more efficient manner, the North Sea states thus consider to develop a transnational offshore grid. This PhD thesis examines the current legal framework applying to offshore grid development under international law, EU law and national law. It reveals that the legal frameworks have not been developed to facilitate such complex (cross-border) infrastructure. The book then identifies the main legal and regulatory barriers that a transnational offshore grid would face. Subsequently, recommendations are given of how to address these barriers and of how to enable the offshore grid. The thesis analysis which legal changes are necessary and how they can be implemented. It is argued that the North Sea states have to become active and establish an alternative legal framework for offshore grid projects.

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A Legal Framework for a Transnational Offshore Grid in the North Sea

This thorough appraisal of competition law and policy from an international and comparative perspective covers the role of different international organisations active in the area, the significance of multinational enterprises and, in particular, the differences between US and EU systems Taking examples from regions such as Africa, the Middle East and Asia, Maher M Dabbah looks at the law and policy in developing countries and at a regional level, the internationalisation of competition law and the doctrines of extraterritoriality, bilateral cooperation and multilateral cooperation as well as the relationship between competition and trade policy The book should prove useful to anyone who is interested in gaining an insight into the international dimension of competition law and policy It is written in a language and style which make such a complex topic both possible to understand and enjoyable

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International and Comparative Competition Law

Examining Board: Professeur Marie-Ange Moreau, EUI (Directrice de these) Professeur Horatia Muir-Watt, Science-Po Paris (Co-directrice de these) Professeur Francesco Francioni, EUI Professeur Olivier De Schutter, Universite catholique de Louvain.

L'accès à la justice civile en cas de violations des droits de l’homme par des entreprises multinationales

Crime is ordinarily proscribed, tried and punished according to the laws on the place where it occurs. American criminal law applies beyond the geographical confines of the United States, however, under some limited circumstances. The federal exceptions to the general rule usually involve crimes like drug trafficking, terrorism, or crimes committed aboard a ship or airplane. State prosecution for overseas misconduct is limited almost exclusively to multijurisdictional crimes, i.e., crimes where some elements of the offense are committed within the state and others are committed abroad. The Constitution, Congress, and state law define the circumstances under which American criminal law may be used against crimes occurring, in whole or in part, outside the United States

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Extraterritorial Application of American Criminal Law

IN this article it will be argued that none of the current approaches to "the problem of extraterritorial jurisdiction" is satisfactory, and that the complexity of the problem is such that a satisfactory solution based upon the development of case law or agreed allocations of jurisdiction is impracticable. The "problem" is in truth a bundle of closely related problems, each giving rise to distinct issues of law and policy. However, by acknowledging that the right to control certain elements of economic activity is an essential component of sovereignty, it may be possible to identify a legal principle-"'economic sovereignty"-to guide the resolution of jurisdictional disputes. This article tentatively outlines some possible ways in which attempts to identify the content of economic sovereignty might proceed. The article has three main sections: (1) an introduction to the problem; (2) an examination of some of the characteristics which distinguish different kinds of problem concerning extraterritorial jurisidiction; and (3) a sketch of the concept of economic sovereignty and of the role which it might play in resolving these conflicts. Most of the discussion is placed in the context of competition laws which have been the major, but not the only, source of jurisdictional disputes.

A. V. Lowe

Papers

The Problems of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: Economic Sovereignty and the Search for a Solution