Background Rodents are reservoirs and hosts for several zoonotic diseases such as plague, leptospirosis, and leishmaniasis. Rapid development of industry and agriculture, as well as climate change throughout the globe, has led to change or increase in occurrence of rodent-borne diseases. Considering the distribution of rodents throughout Iran, the aim of this review is to assess the risk of rodent-borne diseases in Iran. Methodology/Principal finding We searched Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran databases up to September 2016 to obtain articles reporting occurrence of rodent-borne diseases in Iran and extract information from them. Out of 70 known rodent-borne diseases, 34 were reported in Iran: 17 (50%) parasitic diseases, 13 (38%) bacterial diseases, and 4 (12%) viral diseases. Twenty-one out of 34 diseases were reported from both humans and rodents. Among the diseases reported in the rodents of Iran, plague, leishmaniasis, and hymenolepiasis were the most frequent. The most infected rodents were Rattus norvegicus (16 diseases), Mus musculus (14 diseases), Rattus rattus (13 diseases), Meriones persicus (7 diseases), Apodemus spp. (5 diseases), Tatera indica (4 diseases), Meriones libycus (3 diseases), Rhombomys opimus (3 diseases), Cricetulus migratorius (3 diseases), and Nesokia indica (2 diseases). Conclusions/Significance The results of this review indicate the importance of rodent-borne diseases in Iran. Considering notable diversity of rodents and their extensive distribution throughout the country, it is crucial to pay more attention to their role in spreading infectious diseases for better control of the diseases.

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Rodent-borne diseases and their public health importance in Iran.

Parasitic infection is highly prevalent throughout the developing countries of the world. Food handlers are a potential source of infection for many intestinal parasites and other enteropathogenic infections as well. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasite carriers among food handlers attending the public health center laboratory in Sari, Northern Iran for annual check-up. The study was performed from August 2011 through February 2012. Stool samples were collected from 1041 male and female food handlers of different jobs aged between 18 to 63 years and were examined following standard procedures. Sociodemographic, environmental and behavioral data analysis of the food handlers were recorded in a separate questionnaire. Intestinal parasites were found in 161 (15.5%) of the studied samples. Seven species of protozoan or helminth infections were detected. Most of the participants were infected with Giardia lamblia (53.9%) followed by Blastocystis hominis (18%), Entamoeba coli (15.5%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (5.5%), Cryptosporidium sp. (3.1%), Iodamoeba butschlii (3.1%) and Hymenolepis nana (1.9%) as the only helminth infection. The findings emphasized that food handlers with different pathogenic organisms may predispose consumers to significant health risks. Routine screening and treatment of food handlers is a proper tool in preventing food-borne infections.

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Prevalence of intestinal parasites among food handlers of sari, northern iran

Parasitic diseases are among the most important infectious diseases and pose health problems in many countries, most especially in developing countries. Workers at food centers could transmit parasitic infections in the absence of sanitation. This is a descriptive study conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in food clerks in the city of Tabriz in 2014. Data was recorded in the offices of the health center for all food handlers who were referred to the laboratory for demographic and stool tests to receive the health card. Parasitic infection was observed in 172 cases (3.73%) of 4612 samples. A total of 156 positive samples (90.69%) were related to protozoa and 16 (9.3%) were related to helminthes. Most of the parasitic infections were related to Giardia and Entamoeba coli and the lowest infection was related to H. nana. Also, there was a significant relationship between level of education and parasitic infection rate (P = 0.0044). But there was no significant difference between the type of infection and amount of intestinal parasites. The results show that the prevalence of intestinal parasites, especially pathogenic protozoa, is common in some food handlers. Therefore, more sanitary controls are required and increasing of education will play a crucial role in improving the health of these people.

https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jpr/2016/8461965.pdf

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infection among Food Handlers in Northwest Iran

Background: Food handlers play a significant role in the dissemination and transmission of enteropathogenic microorganisms, including intestinal parasites. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in food handlers of Bandar Abbas, southern Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 800 stool samples were randomly collected in a period of 6 months from Jun to Nov 2015. The diagnosis was made on direct wet mount, formalin-ether concentration, Ziehl-Neelsen, and Trichrome stained slides. Results: 34.9% of participants were positive for stool parasites. The most infected individuals were seen in the workers of bakeries 54.3%, factories 41.1% fast foods 35.7%, supermarkets 34.7%, restaurants 33.9%, offices 29.8%, butchers 27.3% and coffee shops 26.7% respectively ( P <0.05). The intestinal parasites were Blastocystis hominis 24.3%, Entamoeba coli 8%, Giardia lamblia 6.8% and Dientamoeba fragilis 4.3% respectively . Only two infections by Hymenolepis nana (0.3%) and one by Enterobius vermicularis (0.1%) were detected in this study. Living in the workplace and direct contact with the raw foodstuff affected the prevalence of intestinal parasites ( P <0.05) . Conclusion: The use of concentration methods for the detection of intestinal parasites as well as continuous and effective education in short-term courses to promote hygienic behavior is suggested.

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Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Food Handlers of Bandar Abbas, Southern Iran.

Background: Weight loss and decreasing the Body fat percentage (BF%) is motivated to optimize performance. In order to achieve these, many supplements are used by athletes, however the possible negative or synergic effects have not been fully described in the literature, specifically in humans. The present study was conducted to investigate the co-administration effects of two common used supplements in body weight and BF% management to recommend athletes for safe weight and BF% reduction. Materials and Methods: In the present double-blind, randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled study, the effect of six-week co-administration of caffeine and carnitine was determined on changes in body weight (BW), BF%, serum leptin concentration and lipid profile (triglyceride, HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol and Total Cholesterol), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and free fatty acid (FFA) changes. Twenty eight male teen soccer players  from Ahvaz-Iran, were divided in three groups (group CafPlc, caffeine (6 mg/kg/day) + dextrose; group CafCar, caffeine (6 mg/kg/day) + carnitine (2g); and group Plc, dextrose). Results: Caffeine-carnitine had a lowering effect on BW (P=0.02) and BF% (P=0.03), compared to caffeine alone and placebo in male teen soccer players (mean age of 16.92 ± 0.76 years). TG was significantly decreased in CafCar (P=0.04). FFA levels were increased in CafCar (P=0.04) and there was significant differences between CafCar and Plc groups (P=0.01). FBG was increased in both CafPlc and CafCar (P=0.01 and P=0.02, respectively), with no significant differences between groups. Conclusion: The synergistic effect of caffeine-carnitine might be suggested to decrease the BF% and BW, besides it may prevent the increment of FFA levels; however it should be prescribed cautiously since it increased FBG levels.

http://ijp.mums.ac.ir/article_7532_438b1794cb924a5ed87ae4f29b1fa333.pdf

Effect of Caffeine Co-Ingested with Carnitine on Weight, Body- Fat Percent, Serum Leptin and Lipid Profile Changes in Male Teen Soccer Players: a Randomized Clinical Trial

Background and objectives: Food handlers could be the main sources of intestinal parasite transmission in case of not observing the hygienic rules. Contamination can be decreased by screening food handlers through physical exam and laboratory tests. The aim of this study was determining the prevalence of intestinal parasites in 2010. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional research was carried out on 500 randomly selected individuals engaged in different food related careers. After filling out the questionnaire sheets, two specimens of feces were collected from each person and tested by brine 30% (floatation) and direct methods. Result: The results show that the prevalence of intestinal parasites is 6%. The highest prevalence is relateted to Giardia lamblia ( 17 ; 4.3%) and the lowest to Hymenolepis nana ( 3 ; 0.6%). in the age group of 60-51 years (11.8%) and individuals who just able to read and write (7.4%) The highest percentage is observed. The Most contamination is reported in butchery staff (25%) and the lowest in people worked in butler's pantry, without parasitic infections. Conclusion: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections are high relatively, especially pathogenic protozoan; therefore, it is important be careful about health status of these individuals and their role in the spread of pollution.

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The Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Food Handlers in Gorgan, Iran

مَلٓ تبمیمطت ضوشه ،یػبٌؿ لگًا یثشه ُبگـًاد ،یىؿضپاشیپ ُذىـًاد ،یّبگـیبهصآ ىاشیا ،ىبگشگ ،ىبتؼلگ یىؿضپ مَلٓ  یٌیها لضفلاَبا  تبمیمطت ضوشه ،یطَلَیثٍشىیه ذؿسا عبٌؿسبو ُذىـًاد ،یّبگـیبهصآ مَلٓ  ،یىؿضپاشیپ ىاشیا ،ىبگشگ ،ىبتؼلگ یىؿضپ مَلٓ ُبگـًاد  یْللا تیآ زغصا یلع  تبمیمطت ضوشه ،یّبگـیبهصآ مَلٓ یاشتود ،یىؿضپاشیپ ُذىـًاد ،یّبگـیبهصآ مَلٓ ىبتؼلگ یىؿضپ مَلٓ ُبگـًاد ا ،ىبگشگ ، ىاشی  داضً کیً دبّزف  مَلٓ تبمیمطت ضوشه ،یػبٌؿ ذسبل سبیدبتػا ،یّبگـیبهصآ ُبگـًاد ،یىؿضپاشیپ ُذىـًاد ىاشیا ،ىبگشگ ،ىبتؼلگ یىؿضپ مَلٓ  تبجً یعببع ببیس  مَلٓ تبمیمطت ضوشه،یطَلَیثٍشىیه عبٌؿسبو ُبگـًاد ،یىؿضپاشیپ ُذىـًاد ،یّبگـیبهصآ ىاشیا ،ىبگشگ ،ىبتؼلگ یىؿضپ مَلٓ

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The Prevalence of Intestinal Worms and Amebiasis in Gorgan(2005-2011)

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Effect of Endurance and Resistance Training on Parameters Related to Sexual Function in Men

Frequency of intestinal parasites in diarrhea patients in gorgan, 2005-2011

Dear Editor: Aging population and its consequences is one of the most issues in a lot of countries. Iranian population is in the transition in young population to the aging population and elderly population growth is higher than total population growth, therefore programming for control and solving elderly population issues is necessary in the future [1]. On the other hand, the status of health promoting behavior isn’t in a desirable level and the situation is becoming more unfavorable and its consequences and issues will be very challenging [2]. One of the most important of elderly issues is malnutrition, thus elderly nutritional status is an important subject that less attention has been done in developing countries. Nutrition has an important role in death, disability and quality of life in the elderly [3]. On the other hand, importance of elderly issues is very important so that the motto of World Health Organization in 2012 is dedicated to the elderly and the subject was highlighting the problem. According to importance of the subject, the current study was designed and done with the aim of determining the status of nutrition and its related factors in the elderly in 2012. This is a descriptive- analytical study that was done in 2012. Under studied population were Aging people of under supported of Kashmar health centers that were selected by using classification sampling. The elderly that have Alzheimer disease and were not able to response to the question were excluded. Data were collected by using a reliable and valid questionnaire through visiting house and via interview. The questionnaire was included demographic and nutrition question. The range of scores was between 14 to 57, so that scores between 14 to 28 were consider as undesirable nutrition, 29 to 42 moderate nutritional status and 43 to 57 as desirable nutrition. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15 software and Pearson, Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis. Mean age of under studied elderly was 69.03±6.22. 52.4% of the elderly were men. 62.9% were illiterate and 74.9% lived with their spouses. Nutritional status of 13.5% was undesirable, 82% moderate and 4.5% desirable. There wasn’t significant relation between nutritional status with gender. There was significant relation between nutritional status with living with family (p<0.001) and hypertension (p=0.035(. There was significant relation between nutritional status with living with spouse (. There was negative correlation between nutritional status with age (p=0.048). There was significant relation between nutritional status and educational level. Low percentages of elderly have desirable nutritional status and nutritional status of alone elderly, more aging elderly, low education elderly is poorer than other elderly. So we recommended appropriate intervention, especially educational intervention for improving nutritional status of elderly, especially more vulnerable elderly.

AA Ayatollahi

Papers

The Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Food Handlers in Gorgan, Iran

The Prevalence of Intestinal Worms and Amebiasis in Gorgan(2005-2011)

Effect of Endurance and Resistance Training on Parameters Related to Sexual Function in Men

Frequency of intestinal parasites in diarrhea patients in gorgan, 2005-2011

Nutritional Status and Its Related Factors in Elderly in Kashmar